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Questions and Answers
One sense of the word rational is that a person is following the rules and norms for good reasoning, such as reasoning logically. Another sense of the word discussed in the critical reading discussion concerns:
One sense of the word rational is that a person is following the rules and norms for good reasoning, such as reasoning logically. Another sense of the word discussed in the critical reading discussion concerns:
- whether thinking helps create or maintain bias. (correct)
- how well thinking helps a person reach his or her goals.
- whether thinking helps maintain a person's beliefs.
- how well thinking helps a person avoid thinking errors.
Damasio (1994) studied a man named Elliot who had damage to the orbital prefrontal region of his brain; Elliot experienced dramatic changes in his behavior after much of this area was removed. Which interpretation of Elliot's case reflects Damasio's findings?
Damasio (1994) studied a man named Elliot who had damage to the orbital prefrontal region of his brain; Elliot experienced dramatic changes in his behavior after much of this area was removed. Which interpretation of Elliot's case reflects Damasio's findings?
- Elliot's case suggests that normal emotion is needed for rational decision making. (correct)
- Elliot showed angry outbursts, suggesting that this part of the prefrontal cortex regulates emotional response.
- Elliot's decision making was impaired the most when he lost his temper.
- Elliot had to relearn how to succeed in business and family life, suggesting the brain shows great plasticity.
Physiological markers measured on a polygraph (lie detector) indicate changes in stress or anxiety and, therefore, may also indicate lying. People show great differences in their physiological responses measured on polygraphs, and some people beat the machine. Taken together, this evidence suggests that:
Physiological markers measured on a polygraph (lie detector) indicate changes in stress or anxiety and, therefore, may also indicate lying. People show great differences in their physiological responses measured on polygraphs, and some people beat the machine. Taken together, this evidence suggests that:
- the polygraph should still be used in criminal investigations despite its problems.
- the polygraph may not be a good way to accurately detect lying. (correct)
- using physiological measures to detect lying is basically a good idea.
- investigators are often right to administer a polygraph test to suspects.
The process of experiencing an emotion often begins with interpretation of the situation, which is called a(n):
The process of experiencing an emotion often begins with interpretation of the situation, which is called a(n):
Are often marked by expressive behaviors, subjective experience, motivated dispositions to behave a certain way, and physiological changes.
Are often marked by expressive behaviors, subjective experience, motivated dispositions to behave a certain way, and physiological changes.
Theories maintaining that emotions are discrete assume that basic emotions, such as fear and anger, are:
Theories maintaining that emotions are discrete assume that basic emotions, such as fear and anger, are:
The text discusses a UFO cult and its leader, Dorothy Martin. Even though Martin's prophecy about aliens did not come to pass, she told her followers that she maintained contact with the aliens. Martin's response provides a good example of which thinking error?
The text discusses a UFO cult and its leader, Dorothy Martin. Even though Martin's prophecy about aliens did not come to pass, she told her followers that she maintained contact with the aliens. Martin's response provides a good example of which thinking error?
Confirmation bias and belief perseverance are both examples of:
Confirmation bias and belief perseverance are both examples of:
The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge of their own biases is MOST related to a deficiency in which aspect of critical thinking?
The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge of their own biases is MOST related to a deficiency in which aspect of critical thinking?
The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge or awareness of their own biases is called:
The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge or awareness of their own biases is called:
The fundamental attribution error and the better-than-average effect are both related to the as a tendency to evaluate oneself favorably.
The fundamental attribution error and the better-than-average effect are both related to the as a tendency to evaluate oneself favorably.
Aliyah's critical thinking instructor was talking about the importance of being fair-minded in considering the sides of an argument. Aliyah said to herself, "I think I am more fair-minded than most of the students I have met." If Aliyah's self-evaluation reveals that she is showing a thinking error, it is MOST likely:
Aliyah's critical thinking instructor was talking about the importance of being fair-minded in considering the sides of an argument. Aliyah said to herself, "I think I am more fair-minded than most of the students I have met." If Aliyah's self-evaluation reveals that she is showing a thinking error, it is MOST likely:
Eliza said that the reason she was unable to get a job during the recession was because employers were not hiring in her field, but as soon as they began to hire again she got a job because she is a hard worker. According to Eliza, many other unemployed people did not get jobs because they are simply lazy. What is the thinking error she seems to be making?
Eliza said that the reason she was unable to get a job during the recession was because employers were not hiring in her field, but as soon as they began to hire again she got a job because she is a hard worker. According to Eliza, many other unemployed people did not get jobs because they are simply lazy. What is the thinking error she seems to be making?
The research by Tetlock and Kim (1987) on motivated reasoning found that when participants made predictions about how other people would respond on a personality test, the participants considered more alternative interpretations if they:
The research by Tetlock and Kim (1987) on motivated reasoning found that when participants made predictions about how other people would respond on a personality test, the participants considered more alternative interpretations if they:
The BEST interpretation of the reaction shown by people who were affected by the 1938 radio play broadcast of The War of the Worlds suggests that:
The BEST interpretation of the reaction shown by people who were affected by the 1938 radio play broadcast of The War of the Worlds suggests that:
Arousing and directing a behavior towards a goal is a common definition of:
Arousing and directing a behavior towards a goal is a common definition of:
Flashcards
Rational Thinking
Rational Thinking
Thinking that follows the rules of logic and sound reasoning, often leading to effective problem-solving and decision-making.
Elliot's Case
Elliot's Case
A case study of a man who suffered damage to the orbital prefrontal region of his brain, leading to impaired decision-making and emotional responses.
Polygraph Accuracy
Polygraph Accuracy
The reliability of lie detectors is questionable due to individual variations in physiological responses and the potential for manipulation.
Appraisal in Emotion
Appraisal in Emotion
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Motives
Motives
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Discrete Emotions
Discrete Emotions
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Confirmation Bias
Confirmation Bias
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Motivated Reasoning
Motivated Reasoning
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Metacognitive Reflection
Metacognitive Reflection
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Bias Blind Spot
Bias Blind Spot
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Self-Serving Bias
Self-Serving Bias
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Better-Than-Average Effect
Better-Than-Average Effect
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Fundamental Attribution Error
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Accountability in Motivated Reasoning
Accountability in Motivated Reasoning
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Motivated Reasoning and Interpretation
Motivated Reasoning and Interpretation
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Motivation Definition
Motivation Definition
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Study Notes
Critical Thinking Errors and Biases
- Rational Decision-Making: One sense of "rational" is following logical rules; another refers to how well thinking helps achieve goals and avoid errors.
- Elliot's Case: Damage to the orbital prefrontal region in Elliot's brain impaired his decision-making, suggesting emotion is crucial for rational decisions.
- Polygraph Tests: Physiological responses to stress/anxiety during a polygraph aren't always reliable indicators of lying; it's prone to error and the accuracy is low due to differences in physiological responses between people.
- Emotional Processing: Emotional experiences often begin with interpreting a situation (appraisal).
- Emotions: Emotions involve expressive behaviors, subjective feelings, behavioral tendencies, and physiological changes.
- Discrete Emotions: The theory that basic emotions (like fear, anger) are distinct and naturally occurring, not learned or variable.
Biased Thinking
- Confirmation Bias/Belief Perseverance: These are thinking errors related to motivated reasoning; confirmation bias is seeking information that confirms existing beliefs, while belief perseverance is maintaining beliefs despite contradictory evidence.
- Motivated Reasoning: People interpret events in ways that align with their desires. People can interpret the same event in different ways if they have different motivations. For example, in some cases, the goal of the person may affect how the person will react to an event.
- Dorothy Martin & UFO Cult: Martin's followers persevered in their belief in her alien contact despite the lack of evidence, representing belief perseverance. Even when the prophecy did not come true, Martin told her followers she had continued contact with aliens, this is a good example of belief perseverance.
- Bias Blind Spot: The tendency to underestimate or ignore one's own biases, thinking one is less susceptible to bias than others, related to metacognitive reflection
- Fundamental Attribution Error: Tendency to overemphasize personality factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining other people's behavior.
- Better-Than-Average Effect: The tendency to rate oneself as better than most others in many respects.
Other Points
- 1938 War of the Worlds Broadcast Panic: Emotional reactions to simulated events can be intense and lead to misinterpretations and perceptual distortions
- Motivation: Arousing and directing behavior towards a goal.
- Cognitive Dissonance: Internal conflict when holding inconsistent beliefs or values; a discomfort of having two conflicting ideas. This may cause people to change their views to resolve the conflict.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of rational decision-making and the impacts of emotional processing on judgments. This quiz delves into biases in thinking, such as the reliability of polygraph tests and the nature of discrete emotions. Understand how errors can influence decision-making and how emotions play a critical role in rationality.
