Critical Thinking Quiz PDF

### Critical Thinking 1. One sense of the word rational is that a person is following the rules and norms for good reasoning, such as reasoning logically. Another sense of the word discussed in the critical reading discussion concerns: - how well thinking helps a person reach his or her goals....

### Critical Thinking 1. One sense of the word rational is that a person is following the rules and norms for good reasoning, such as reasoning logically. Another sense of the word discussed in the critical reading discussion concerns: - how well thinking helps a person reach his or her goals. 2. Damasio (1994) studied a man named Elliot who had damage to the orbital prefrontal region of his brain; Elliot experienced dramatic changes in his behavior after much of this area was removed. Which interpretation of Elliot's case reflects Damasio's findings? - Elliot's case suggests that normal emotion is needed for rational decision making. 3. Physiological markers measured on a polygraph (lie detector) indicate changes in stress or anxiety and, therefore, may also indicate lying. People show great differences in their physiological responses measured on polygraphs, and some people beat the machine. Taken together, this evidence suggests that: - the polygraph may not be a good way to accurately detect lying. 4. The process of experiencing an emotion often begins with interpretation of the situation, which is called a(n): - appraisal. 5. **Motives** are often marked by expressive behaviors, subjective experience, motivated dispositions to behave a certain way, and physiological changes. 6. Theories maintaining that emotions are discrete assume that basic emotions, such as fear and anger, are: - distinguishable from each other and are natural. 7. The text discusses a UFO cult and its leader, Dorothy Martin. Even though Martin's prophecy about aliens did not come to pass, she told her followers that she maintained contact with the aliens. Martin's response provides a good example of which thinking error? - Confirmation bias 8. Confirmation bias and belief perseverance are both examples of: - thinking errors related to motivated reasoning. 9. The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge of their own biases is MOST related to a deficiency in which aspect of critical thinking? - Metacognitive reflection 10. The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge or awareness of their own biases is called: - the bias blind spot 11. The fundamental attribution error and the better-than-average effect are both related to the **self-serving bias** as a tendency to evaluate oneself favorably. 12. Aliyah's critical thinking instructor was talking about the importance of being fair-minded in considering the sides of an argument. Aliyah said to herself, "I think I am more fair-minded than most of the students I have met." If Aliyah's self-evaluation reveals that she is showing a thinking error, it is MOST likely: - the better-than-average effect. 13. Eliza said that the reason she was unable to get a job during the recession was because employers were not hiring in her field, but as soon as they began to hire again she got a job because she is a hard worker. According to Eliza, many other unemployed people did not get jobs because they are simply lazy. What is the thinking error she seems to be making? - Fundamental attribution error 14. The research by Tetlock and Kim (1987) on motivated reasoning found that when participants made predictions about how other people would respond on a personality test, the participants considered more alternative interpretations if they: - were told they would be accountable for justifying their judgments. 15. The BEST interpretation of the reaction shown by people who were affected by the 1938 radio play broadcast of The War of the Worlds suggests that: - through motivated reasoning, people may interpret events the way they want to. 16. Arousing and directing a behavior towards a goal is a common definition of: - motivation.