Module 3

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

What type of bias is the 'false assumption that others have negative intentions'?

Pattern-Detection Bias

Projection Bias

Intentionality Bias (correct)

Proportionality Bias

Which principle of critical thinking could help someone avoid the Proportionality Bias, the 'false assumption that the size of the cause is determined by the size of the outcome'?

Consider alternative explanations

Be open to the possibility that others have different intentions

Identify when a coincidence is not necessarily causal in nature (correct)

Examine the evidence for a claim

In the thought experiment, if you were working on the Lunar landing project for NASA during the Cold War's space race, and your superiors changed the plan to a fake moon landing instead of an actual launch, what principle of critical thinking should you apply?

Examine the evidence for the claim that this is a fake moon landing

Consider alternative explanations for why the plan was changed

Be open to the possibility that your superiors have different intentions than you

All of the above (correct)

Which bias is described as the 'false assumption that a coincidence is causal in nature'?

Pattern-Detection Bias Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of critical thinking could help an individual avoid the Intentionality Bias, the 'false assumption that others have negative intentions'?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What type of message is more effective in encouraging people to recycle hotel towels according to the text?

Emphasizing that the majority of guests recycle their towels at least once Signup and view all the answers

Which word is highlighted as the most influential in influencing compliance with orders?

Because Signup and view all the answers

Why does highlighting that many people like you voted lead to better voting turnout, as per the text?

It appeals to personal identity and social norms Signup and view all the answers

What effect does using 'because' have on influencing people's compliance with requests?

It increases compliance even with weak reasons Signup and view all the answers

Why do signs stating that many failed to vote and caused damage to a party NOT work effectively in promoting voting, according to the text?

They instill fear without offering a solution Signup and view all the answers

Which factor leads to increased behavior change when it comes to recycling towels at hotels, based on the text?

'Majority of guests recycle towels' messages Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main problems mentioned in the text related to selecting leaders?

Preference for charismatic individuals Signup and view all the answers

In selecting leaders, what factor can filter out more incompetent male leaders according to the text?

Elevating standards for both male and female leaders Signup and view all the answers

Which principle involves the idea that an idea or behavior becomes more valid as it is more "grounded" in the crowd?

Principle of social proof Signup and view all the answers

What example from the text demonstrates how people are influenced by the wisdom of the crowd?

Barack Obama holding speeches in a stadium Signup and view all the answers

What led to a significant increase in theft at Petrified Forest National Park?

'Many are stealing' sign implying permission Signup and view all the answers

What factor is highlighted in the text as crucial for selecting good leaders?

Improving personal competence Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective way suggested in the text to stop incompetent men from becoming leaders?

'Elevating standards' for selecting male and female leaders Signup and view all the answers

'The rule of reciprocation' is associated with which aspect of persuasion mentioned in the text?

'Gift-giving' influencing people Signup and view all the answers

'Intuition is not reliable' according to the text because:

'Potential losses are more powerful than potential gains' Signup and view all the answers

'Improving personal competence' is stated as crucial for what purpose in the text?

'Filtering out incompetent male leaders' Signup and view all the answers

What was the conclusion drawn from participants shown noisy static patterns?

They were more likely to see meaningful visual patterns if they felt lack of control. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the 'out-of-place' umbrella in relation to the Kennedy Assassination?

It was seen as a gun in disguise. Signup and view all the answers

What did the government do regarding the 'umbrella guy' in the 1970s?

Searched him upon reopening the investigation. Signup and view all the answers

What criticism did Joe Rogan make about Tulsi Gabbard?

'She should apologize for believing in conversion therapy.' Signup and view all the answers

According to Richard Arum, what factor explains variations in student learning?

Insufficient student engagement. Signup and view all the answers

What does Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic suggest about incompetent men becoming leaders?

'They are more likely to underestimate their abilities.' Signup and view all the answers

'How perilously empiricism verges from magic’' is attributed to whom?

'John Updike' Signup and view all the answers

Which event led Tulsi Gabbard to apologize to Hawaiian LGBT activists?

'Touted working for an anti-gay group.' Signup and view all the answers

What is one common observation made about student learning in college according to Richard Arum's study?

Students are not sufficiently engaged. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect did Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic focus on regarding leadership choices?

How gender and personality influence leadership choices. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key finding of the 'Projection Bias' experiment?

The projection bias leads people to assume others have the same Machiavellian traits as themselves. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main conclusion from the 'Intentionality Bias' experiments?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Proportionality Bias' and how does it relate to conspiracy theories?

The bias to assume big events must have big causes, leading people to believe in conspiracy theories that provide grand explanations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Pattern-Recognition Bias' and how does it relate to conspiracy theories?

The bias to see patterns and connections even in random or ambiguous stimuli, which can contribute to belief in conspiracy theories. Signup and view all the answers

In the 'Intentionality Bias' experiment by Karen Douglas, what was the key finding?

Participants who rated the shapes as more motivated and alive were more likely to believe in conspiracy theories. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main conclusion of the Rob Brotherton 'Intentionality Bias' experiment?

Participants who were more likely to interpret ambiguous sentences as intentional were also more likely to believe in conspiracy theories. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between the 'Intentionality Bias' experiments conducted in the 1940s and the more recent versions?

The older experiments asked participants to describe the shapes, while the newer ones asked about the shapes' motivation and aliveness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main implication of the 'Proportionality Bias' in relation to conspiracy theories?

People are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories because they assume big events must have big, conspiratorial causes. Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'Pattern-Recognition Bias' relate to the tendency to believe in conspiracy theories?

The pattern-recognition bias makes people more likely to perceive connections between events, increasing their susceptibility to conspiracy theories. Signup and view all the answers