Critical Thinking and Conspiracy Theories - Thought Questions on Projection Bias
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following biases is characterized by the false assumption that others share our motives?

  • Projection bias (correct)
  • Pattern-detection bias
  • Proportionality bias
  • Intentionality bias

Individuals with Machiavellian traits tend to exhibit which of the following biases?

  • Proportionality bias
  • Pattern-detection bias
  • Projection bias (correct)
  • Intentionality bias

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking that could help overcome the projection bias?

  • Attribute patterns and coincidences to causal relationships
  • Assume that others share your motives and intentions
  • Assume that the size of the cause determines the size of the outcome
  • Examine the evidence for a claim and consider alternative explanations (correct)

Which bias involves the false assumption that a coincidence is causal in nature?

<p>Pattern-detection bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of critical thinking could help overcome the intentionality bias?

<p>Be open to the possibility that others have different intentions than yours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the thought experiment about faking the moon landing, which bias is being highlighted?

<p>Intentionality bias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the projection bias?

<p>The tendency to assume others have the same beliefs and motivations as ourselves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the experiment on projection bias, individuals with which personality trait were more likely to believe in conspiracy theories?

<p>Machiavellian (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intentionality bias?

<p>The tendency to interpret ambiguous events as intentional (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Karen Douglas experiment, what did higher ratings on the likert scale indicate?

<p>A stronger tendency to see the world in terms of motives and intents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the proportionality bias?

<p>The tendency to demand big explanations for big events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Rob Brotherton experiment, what did the tendency to interpret ambiguous sentences as intentional correlate with?

<p>Belief in conspiracy theories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example used to illustrate the pattern-recognition bias?

<p>The Kanizsa Triangle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following experiments involved showing participants an animation of moving shapes?

<p>The intentionality bias experiment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible reason for conspiracy theorists painting all events as intentional?

<p>Failure to override intentionality biases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biases is NOT discussed in the text?

<p>Confirmation bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective way to increase towel reuse in hotels?

<p>Displaying signs that say 'most guests reuse their towels' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most influential word when trying to persuade someone?

<p>Because (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about using fear as a tool of influence is correct?

<p>Using fear is effective, but should be accompanied by a message on how to avoid fearful scenarios (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective way to encourage voting?

<p>Displaying signs that say 'many people like you voted' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the brain when a person acts against the group or crowd?

<p>Brain areas associated with pain and conflict are activated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the effectiveness of the word 'because', even if the reasons provided are not great?

<p>People are more likely to comply with requests that provide reasons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the conclusion drawn from the experiments where participants were shown noisy static patterns?

<p>People are more likely to see meaningful visual patterns when they feel a lack of control over their circumstances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the interpretation given for the "out-of-place" umbrella observed during the Kennedy Assassination?

<p>Some thought it was a disguised gun that caused the assassination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following principles of critical thinking did Bari Weiss violate when criticizing Tulsi Gabbard?

<p>Principle of Accuracy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Tulsi Gabbard acknowledge regarding her previous anti-LGBT stances during a Democratic debate?

<p>She acknowledged that her conservative, religious upbringing influenced her anti-LGBT opinions, but she has since reversed her stance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study on student learning mentioned in the text, which of the following factors did NOT contribute to variations in student learning?

<p>The socioeconomic status of the students (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the discussion on why incompetent men become leaders?

<p>Exploring the impact of gender and personality on the choices of leaders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Collegiate Learning Assessment (CLA) in the study on student learning?

<p>It is a predictor of professional performance and student learning growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which of the following statements about the relationship between gender and overestimating abilities is true?

<p>Men are more likely than women to overestimate their abilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main conclusion drawn from the observation that people tend to see meaningful patterns in noisy or meaningless data?

<p>It demonstrates the human tendency to seek control over uncertain circumstances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criticism regarding the impact of most leaders on their followers or subordinates?

<p>Most leaders have a negative effect on their followers or subordinates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between competence and confidence?

<p>There is a weak link between competence and confidence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the issue with our perception of charismatic individuals, according to the text?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective leaders?

<p>Narcissism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true, according to the text, regarding the selection of women leaders?

<p>Women tend to score higher than men on measures of competence, humility, and integrity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended approach for selecting good leaders?

<p>Relying on intuition and job interviews (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the principle of social proof discussed in the text, which of the following statements is true?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the influence of gift-giving?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Petrified Forest National Park example discussed in the text, what was the outcome when a sign implied that stealing from the forest was a common behavior?

<p>Theft increased by 300%. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effectiveness of negative information versus positive information?

<p>Negative information is more powerful than positive information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the firefighter training example discussed in the text, which of the following approaches resulted in better training for firefighters?

<p>Showing examples of firefighters' mistakes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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