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Questions and Answers
What can be a result of a crisis on an individual's functioning?
What can be a result of a crisis on an individual's functioning?
Which type of crisis arises from new developmental stages?
Which type of crisis arises from new developmental stages?
In Phase 2 of a crisis, what happens to defense mechanisms?
In Phase 2 of a crisis, what happens to defense mechanisms?
What is a characteristic of a situational crisis?
What is a characteristic of a situational crisis?
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Which of the following is a potential outcome of a successful crisis resolution?
Which of the following is a potential outcome of a successful crisis resolution?
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Which type of abuse involves a deliberate act to cause harm?
Which type of abuse involves a deliberate act to cause harm?
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What is a common effect of comorbidity in abuse situations?
What is a common effect of comorbidity in abuse situations?
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Which stage of the cycle of violence represents the initial build-up of tension?
Which stage of the cycle of violence represents the initial build-up of tension?
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What characteristic is often associated with male perpetrators of domestic abuse?
What characteristic is often associated with male perpetrators of domestic abuse?
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Which type of neglect involves failing to provide basic physical needs for a child?
Which type of neglect involves failing to provide basic physical needs for a child?
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What term refers to a person who is subjected to abuse?
What term refers to a person who is subjected to abuse?
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Which of the following can be a lifetime secondary effect of abuse?
Which of the following can be a lifetime secondary effect of abuse?
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What is the primary goal of primary prevention in mental health?
What is the primary goal of primary prevention in mental health?
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Which level of prevention is focused on intervention during an acute crisis?
Which level of prevention is focused on intervention during an acute crisis?
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Which of the following is an example of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing?
Which of the following is an example of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing?
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What is the primary characteristic of tertiary prevention in crisis management?
What is the primary characteristic of tertiary prevention in crisis management?
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What does a 'Directive Plan' in crisis intervention stipulate?
What does a 'Directive Plan' in crisis intervention stipulate?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a typical treatment modality for crisis situations?
Which of the following is NOT considered a typical treatment modality for crisis situations?
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What is a critical consideration in disaster preparedness?
What is a critical consideration in disaster preparedness?
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Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a global disaster?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a global disaster?
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Study Notes
Crisis and Disaster
- A crisis is a stressful event that disrupts an individual's equilibrium, causing disruption of normal coping mechanisms and inability to function as usual.
- Successful crisis resolution involves a realistic perception of the event, adequate situational supports, and sufficient coping mechanisms.
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Types of crises:
- Maturation: New developmental stages require learning new coping skills, as old ones may no longer be effective.
- Situational: Arising from extraordinary, unexpected, and often external situations, such as loss, change, job/financial difficulties, or marital changes.
- Adventitious: Arising from natural events (epdemics, floods, fires, earthquakes), human-made events (terrorism, wars, riots, violence), or accidental events (airline crashes, structural collapses, nuclear power plant incidents).
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Phases of Crisis:
- Phase I: Increased anxiety with attempts to address the problem by employing usual coping mechanisms.
- Phase II: Defense mechanisms fail as the threat persists, leading to increased anxiety, discomfort, and disorganized problem-solving attempts.
- Phase III: Continued failed attempts at problem-solving escalate anxiety to panic levels, potentially leading to withdrawal or flight behaviors.
- Phase IV: Anxiety overwhelms the individual, possibly leading to depression, confusion, and severe personality disorganization.
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Levels of Prevention:
- Primary: Measures to promote mental health and reduce the incidence of crisis through initiatives designed to decrease its occurrence.
- Secondary: Intervention during an acute crisis to prevent prolonged anxiety and its associated effects.
- Tertiary: Long-term support for individuals who have experienced a crisis.
- Critical Incident Stress Debriefing: A 7-phase group meeting designed to address traumatic experiences and aid in the development of coping mechanisms.
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Treatment Modalities:
- Crisis Care Services: Include crisis call lines, warm lines, crisis intervention teams, and crisis stabilization facilities.
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Psychiatric Advance Directive Plan:
- A proactive approach to addressing a crisis situation before it occurs.
- Stipulates treatment choices, facilities, providers, and a designated support person involved in decision-making.
Global Disaster
- Large-scale crises include tsunamis, hurricanes, global stock exchange collapses, and pandemics.
- Disaster preparedness strategies include:
- Developing resilient communities.
- Assessing disaster risks on a local level.
- Networking with communities to establish broader societal preparedness.
- FEMA's Four-Phase Disaster Management Continuum:
- Mitigation: Reducing the risks of disasters.
- Preparedness: Planning for potential disasters.
- Response: Immediate actions taken during a disaster event.
- Recovery: Restoring the community to its pre-disaster state.
Types of Abuse
- Abuse encompasses various forms, including:
- Economic abuse
- Physical abuse
- Emotional abuse
- Sexual abuse
- Neglect
Crisis Situation
- A crisis situation arises when family dynamics are strained by the presence of a violent member.
- Perpetrator: The household member who engages in violence towards another.
- Vulnerable Person: The individual who is abused within the family, often referred to as the victim, survivor, or victor/survivor. Survivor indicates recognition and engagement in recovery and healing.
Child Abuse
- Acts of Commission: Intentional and deliberate acts of abuse towards a child.
- Acts of Omission: Neglect, where a child's basic physical, emotional, or educational needs are not met, or the child is not protected from harm.
Comorbidity in Abuse
- The occurrence of one type of abuse is a strong predictor of the occurrence of another type, a phenomenon known as comorbidity.
- Abuse can lead to a range of secondary effects, including anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, PTSD, and substance abuse.
Risk Factors for Abuse
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Characteristics of Abusive Parents:
- Belief in male dominance and the need to be in charge.
- Belief that physical aggression is an acceptable form of discipline.
- Pathological jealousy.
- Substance or alcohol use disorder.
- Resentment towards pregnancy or the baby, particularly if the woman seeks to leave the abusive situation.
Cycles of Violence
- Tension-Building Stage: Increasing tension and anticipation of abuse.
- Acute Battering Stage: The actual act of violence occurs.
- Honeymoon Stage: A period of calm and remorse from the perpetrator, often followed by apology and promises of change, which temporarily diminishes the victim's sense of safety.
- Repetition of this cycle results in progressively diminishing periods of safety and a potential escalation in violence.
Older Adult Abuse
- Older adults can be victims of abuse, including mistreatment, neglect (failure to provide basic needs or protect from harm), physical abuse, sexual abuse, and financial abuse.
Prevention of Abuse
- Primary Prevention: Measures to prevent the occurrence of abuse.
- Secondary Prevention: Early intervention during abusive situations to minimize disabling or long-term effects.
- Tertiary Prevention: Providing support for survivors to facilitate healing and rehabilitation, and assist them in achieving well-being.
Forensic Nursing
- Forensic nursing focuses on providing care to populations affected by violence and trauma.
- Core areas of expertise include:
- Education, prevention, detection, and treatment of the effects of violence on individuals, families, and communities.
- Expert court testimony in cases related to violence.
- Providing input on policy changes within forensic settings.
- Evaluation and diagnosis for victims and perpetrators.
- Trauma-Informed Care: Providing care in a way that avoids retraumatizing survivors and recognizes the impact of trauma on individuals.
Competency Evaluations
- Forensic Evaluators (Masters or Doctorate-level professionals) conduct evaluations to determine the legal competency of defendants.
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Evaluation Process:
- Assess mental health or illness.
- Conduct forensic interviews.
- Provide documentation.
- Testify in court.
- Complete formal reports.
Fact Witness vs. Expert Witness
- Fact Witness: Provides testimony based on personal knowledge, such as what they personally heard, saw, or documented.
- Expert Witness: Recognized by the court as having expertise in a specific area, offering specialized opinions based on their knowledge and experience.
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Description
Explore the various types of crises and the phases involved in crisis management. Understand how maturation, situational, and adventitious crises impact individuals and the importance of effective coping mechanisms. This quiz will help you gain insights into crisis resolution strategies.
