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What distinguishes chronic criminals from acute criminals?
Which type of criminal is associated with committing crimes due to a mental disorder?
What defines a professional criminal?
Which of the following best describes a situational criminal?
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What is a key characteristic of ordinary criminals?
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What best describes habitual criminals?
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Which characteristic belongs to active aggressive criminals?
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Which type of criminal is primarily motivated by circumstance rather than intent?
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What describes passive-inadequate criminals?
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What principle underlies the Code of Hammurabi?
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Which statement accurately describes the laws of the Hittites?
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What significant change did Solon implement regarding laws?
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Which of the following codified laws is known for its extreme severity?
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What is the historical significance of Rome's Twelve Tables?
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Who was Hammurabi?
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Which of the following best characterizes socialized delinquents?
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What was the purpose of the Twelve Tables in ancient Rome?
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Which group was responsible for drafting the Twelve Tables?
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What characteristic of criminal law ensures it applies equally to all individuals?
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Under what condition can penal laws be applied retroactively?
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What does the characteristic of territoriality imply in criminal law?
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Which of the following is NOT an exception to the generality characteristic of criminal law?
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What does specificity in criminal law require?
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What was the primary function of the Revised Penal Code (RPC) in the Philippines?
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What obligation does a judge have when there is doubt about a definition in the Revised Penal Code applying to an accused?
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What is the significance of a penal sanction in relation to crime?
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How is the application of a criminal act described in the Revised Penal Code characterized?
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Which school of thought assumes individuals weigh the consequences before committing crimes?
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What does the Demonology Theory suggest about the cause of criminal behavior?
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What does the term 'school of thought' refer to in criminology?
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What is a key characteristic of the Classical School of Criminology?
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Why has the Demonology Theory been largely rejected?
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What is the main idea behind the theory of classical criminology?
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Who is considered the father of classical criminology?
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What does the felicific calculus pertain to in the context of Jeremy Bentham's philosophy?
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Which factor is NOT considered by classical criminology when evaluating free will?
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What modification is made by neo-classical criminology regarding free will?
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According to classical criminology, which of the following is a key principle?
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What is the primary focus of classical theory regarding human behavior?
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Which of the following statements reflects a core belief of utilitarianism?
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Study Notes
Criminal Definition
- A criminal is someone found guilty of committing a wrongful act in a legal setting.
- Criminology considers someone a criminal from the moment they commit the crime.
General Classification of Criminals
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Etiology-Based:
- Acute Criminal: Reacts to a situation impulsively or during a moment of anger.
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Chronic Criminal: Plans and commits crimes intentionally.
- Neurotic Criminal: Suffers from a mental disorder.
- Normal Criminal: Looks up to criminals.
- Criminaloids: Criminal behavior influenced by biological or medical conditions.
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Type of Offender:
- Ordinary Criminal: Commits crimes without specialized skills, considered the lowest form of criminal career.
- Organized Criminal: Operates in highly organized groups, involves in complex criminal activities requiring strategic planning.
- Professional Criminal: Highly skilled, earns a living through criminal activities, often operates with a network of other professionals.
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Criminal Activities:
- Professional Criminal: Earning a living from criminal behavior.
- Situational Criminal: Involved in criminal acts due to circumstantial factors.
- Habitual Criminal: Repeats criminal acts for different reasons.
- Accidental Criminal: Unintentionally violates the law due to uncontrollable circumstances.
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Mental Attitude:
- Active Aggressive Criminals: Act impulsively due to aggression, often associated with crimes of passion, revenge, or resentment.
- Passive-inadequate Criminals: Commit crimes under pressure or inducement, often driven by rewards or promises without considering the consequences.
- Socialized Delinquents: Individuals with normal behavior but deficiencies in social skills, can include educated and respected members of society committing crimes due to specific circumstances or pressures.
Code of Hammurabi
- King Hammurabi of Babylon (18th century BC) codified the first comprehensive set of laws.
- The code was written on stone and is known as the Code of Hammurabi.
- The code was based on the principle of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth," where punishment mirrored the harm inflicted.
Hittites
- The Hittites conquered Babylon a few centuries after Hammurabi’s reign.
- They implemented laws similar in brutality to the Code of Hammurabi, with death common as punishment for various offenses.
Code of Drakon
- Athenian lawgiver Drakon codified laws in Athens (7th century BC).
- Known for its extreme severity with death as punishment for many offenses.
Laws of Solon
- Solon, an Athenian, was appointed archon and given legislative powers.
- He abolished almost all the harsh laws of the Code of Drakon.
- Introduced laws providing fairer and more proportional punishments.
- He emphasized equality in law application for all citizens.
- His impact on law-making is so significant that “Solon” is used to refer to any member of the Senate or House of Representatives.
Rome’s Twelve Tables
- The Twelve Tables were established in the middle of the sixth century BC, forming the foundation of Roman law.
- Composed of twelve bronze tablets containing legal provisions, the Tables were drafted by a group of patricians called the Decemvirs.
Criminal Law
- Criminal law is a branch of public law that defines crimes, describes their nature, and prescribes punishments.
- The Revised Penal Code, or Act No. 3815, is the primary source of Philippine criminal law, incorporating both general provisions and specific laws.
- The Revised Penal Code replaced the old code effective on January 1, 1932.
Characteristics of Criminal Law
- Generality: Applies equally to all individuals within the territory, regardless of personal characteristics, with certain exceptions for heads of state, foreign diplomats, and ambassadors.
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Territoriality: Enforceable within the boundaries of a country's jurisdiction, subject to international law and treaties.
- Applies to the Philippine archipelago, including atmosphere, water, and a three-mile maritime zone.
- Prospectivity: Individuals can't be punished for acts that were not illegal at the time of their occurrence. However, laws can be retroactively implemented if they are beneficial to the accused and they are not delinquent.
- Specificity and Definiteness: Criminal law must provide clear and unambiguous definitions of offenses. In cases of doubt, the law should be interpreted in favor of the accused.
- Uniformity in Application: The definition and punishment of crimes are applied uniformly, regardless of who commits them, where, or when.
- Penal Sanction: The existence of a punishment is crucial for enforcing the law. It acts as a deterrent and a means of protecting society.
Schools of Thought in Criminology
- A school of thought refers to a specific perspective or group sharing a common view on human nature, crime, and its control.
- A theory is a set of statements that explains behavior, events, or phenomena, often repeatedly tested and widely accepted.
Demonology Theory
- Individuals commit crimes because they are possessed by evil spirits.
- This theory is now rejected, as it cannot be verified or studied scientifically.
Classical School of Criminology
- Focuses on the rationale behind crimes.
- Individuals have free will and choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences.
- Fear of punishment can deter crime.
- Society can control behavior by making the pain of punishment outweigh the potential benefits of criminal gain.
- Founders: Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.
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Cesare Beccaria:
- Considered the father of classical criminology.
- Known for his essay, "On Crimes and Punishment," which argued against torture as a means of extracting confessions.
- Advocated for human beings being guided by hedonism, seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.
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Jeremy Bentham:
- Added the concept of Utilitarianism and the felicific calculus.
- Utilitarianism suggests that the right action is the one that maximizes happiness for the greatest number of people.
- The felicific calculus states that individuals weigh the pleasure (gain) and pain (suffering) of committing a crime to determine if it’s beneficial.
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Cesare Beccaria:
Neo-classical Criminology
- A modified version of classical criminology.
- Free will can be affected by other factors, which are not considered in the pleasure-pain calculation.
- Recognizes that children and those with mental impairments may be unable to fully exercise free will.
- Argues for different treatment for individuals who cannot fully understand consequences or make rational choices.
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Description
This quiz explores the definition of a criminal and various classifications within criminology. From the etiology-based categories to the types of offenders, test your knowledge on the different dimensions of criminal behavior. Perfect for students and enthusiasts of criminology.