Questions and Answers
What does the term 'actus reus' roughly translate to?
Guilty Act
What is included in the actus reus of an offence of battery by kicking?
D's kick, the person, and making contact
What must be proved beyond reasonable doubt for D to be liable for an offence?
Both the actus reus and mens rea, and the absence of a defence
What is the purpose of separating actus reus and mens rea elements?
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According to the Sexual Offences Act 2003, when can D's conduct be considered 'sexual'?
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What is the significance of the term 'sexual' in sexual offences?
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What is required for the actus reus of murder to be satisfied?
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What is the circumstance element in the offence of rape?
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What is the result element of the offence of murder?
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What is required for causation in fact to be established?
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What is the distinction between conduct crimes and result crimes?
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What is the purpose of the rules of causation?
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What is the actus reus of conduct crimes?
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What is the consequence of D's omission to act in English Law?
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What is required for D's liability in a result crime?
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What is the distinction between D's movement and D's omission to move?
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What is the primary requirement for omission liability to be found in a crime?
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In what types of offences can an omission be considered a basis for liability?
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What is the significance of the Gibbins and Proctor case in omission liability?
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What is a key factor in determining whether an omission satisfies the conduct element of an offence?
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In what type of offence is a duty to act specifically drafted to allow for omission liability?
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What is the significance of the Pittwood case in omission liability?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of duty to act recognised in criminal law?
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What is the consequence of D's omission in the Hood case?
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What is the requirement for D's omission to satisfy the conduct element of an offence?
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What is the significance of the Dytham case in omission liability?
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What is the main focus of the 'dishonesty' element in theft and fraud offences?
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What is the conduct element of the actus reus concerned with?
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Which of the following is an exception to the requirement of positive movement in criminal offences?
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What are the three ingredients required for liability based on an omission?
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What is the circumstance element of the actus reus concerned with?
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Which of the following is an example of a state of affairs offence?
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What should you always begin by identifying when assessing potential liability within a problem question?
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What is the requirement for liability based on an omission?
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How can possession be reconciled with the language of acts or omissions?
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What is the main difference between the conduct element and the circumstance element of the actus reus?
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What is the primary purpose of the test for legal causation?
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What is the least controversial principle of legal causation?
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What is the term used to describe the breaks in the chain of causation between D's conduct and the result?
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When will a natural event break the chain of causation between D's conduct and the result?
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What is the key factor in determining whether V's acts break the chain of causation between D's conduct and the result?
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What is the term used to describe D's conduct that makes a minimal contribution to the result?
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When will D's subsequent conduct break the chain of causation between her initial conduct and the result?
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What is the relationship between D's conduct and the result in terms of blameworthiness?
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What is the purpose of establishing the chain of causation between D's conduct and the result?
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What is the term used to describe the contribution of D's conduct to the result when it is not the main cause?
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In the case where X administered a drug to V, who was intolerant to it, what was the outcome of the appeal in the Court of Criminal Appeal?
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What was the outcome of the House of Lords decision in the Empress Car Co Ltd case?
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Why did the Court of Criminal Appeal quash D's conviction in the case where X administered a drug to V?
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In the Empress Car Co Ltd case, what was the foreseeable danger that D failed to prevent?
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What is the significance of the Empress Car Co Ltd case in the context of causation?
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What was the role of X in the case where X administered a drug to V?
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What is the key factor in determining the legal cause of death in a situation where V's response to D's actions is unforeseeable?
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In the case of Roberts (1972), what was D charged with?
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What is the principle that requires D to 'take the victim as he finds him'?
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In the case of Blaue, why did V refuse a blood transfusion?
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What is the requirement for X's acts to break the chain of causation between D and the result element?
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What is the significance of the case of Kennedy (No 2)?
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In the case of Wallace, what was the outcome of the appeal?
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What is the key factor in determining whether X's acts break the chain of causation?
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What is the significance of the case of Jordan (1956)?
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What is the requirement for D's liability in a result crime?
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In what circumstances will a duty to act arise based on an assumption of care?
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What is required for D to commit a result crime by omission?
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What is the 'doctrine of supervening fault' related to?
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What is the key difference between acts and omissions in terms of the conduct element?
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In what case did the court hold that D was guilty of gross negligence manslaughter due to breach of familial duty?
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What is the purpose of the two-stage test for causation?
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What is the 'but for' test used for in causation?
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What is the key difference between the duty to act in Instan 1893 and Nicholls 1874?
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What is the significance of the case of Miller 1983?
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Why did D's liability for murder fail in the case of White (1910)?
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What is the impact of Evans 2009 on the duty to act based on endangerment?
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What is the significance of the distinction between acts and omissions in law?
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What is the purpose of the legal principles of causation?
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What is the focus of the breach of duty to act?
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What is the key requirement for D's omission to constitute the conduct element of an offence?
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What is required for D to be liable for a result crime?
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What is the thinking point when assessing causation in omissions?
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What is the significance of causation by omission in result crimes?
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What is the significance of considering both act and omission alternatives in a problem question?
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In what type of offence is the question of whether D's omission is accompanied by the required mens rea and circumstances crucial?
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