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What percentage of women aged 18-49 have experienced physical violence since the age of 15 according to the NFHS-5?
Which factor contributes to delays in the justice system for crimes against women in India?
How does the environment affect women's opportunities for higher education?
What is one potential impact of academic performance for girls facing harassment?
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What percentage of women have reported experiencing sexual violence, according to NFHS-5?
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Which of the following is a barrier to achieving several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
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How can economic empowerment affect women's vulnerability to violence?
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What did the 2018 survey by Thomson Reuters rank India as in terms of safety for women?
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What did the Supreme Court's 2024 verdict allow regarding SCs and STs?
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Which articles outline the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in legislative bodies?
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What does Article 46 direct the state to promote?
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What purpose do the Fifth and Sixth Schedules of the Constitution serve?
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What emphasis did the Supreme Court place on the implementation of sub-classification?
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What does Article 338 establish?
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What major change regarding sub-classification was made in the 2024 verdict?
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What did Article 332 specifically provide for?
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What was the primary objective of the Justice Raghunath Rao Committee formed by the Andhra Pradesh government?
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According to the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC), what could happen without strict guidelines in sub-categorization?
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What significant disparity was highlighted by the commission regarding affirmative action policies?
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What constitutional provisions were included to address historical injustices for SCs and STs?
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What is the role of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)?
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Why was there a suggestion for sub-classification of SCs in Andhra Pradesh?
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How did the Justice Raghunath Rao Committee aim to address disparities within the SC community?
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What significant outcome could result from politically motivated decisions in judicial review?
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What does Article 15(4) of the Indian Constitution enable the State to do?
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How does Article 16(4) contribute to social equity?
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What is a key outcome of the judicial backing to sub-classification in reservation policies?
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What issue does the sub-classification within the SC and ST categories aim to address?
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What historical aspect is acknowledged by the decision regarding affirmative action policies?
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What has been one of the main criticisms of affirmative action policies in the 1980s-1990s?
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What is the primary purpose of implementing reservations in education and employment for SCs and STs?
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What guidance do state governments receive regarding reservation policies?
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What is a suggested measure to ensure women feel more comfortable reporting crimes?
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Which specialized police units are mentioned for handling cases of violence against women?
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What type of education is recommended for schools to promote women's rights?
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What is one way agencies can enhance partnerships for women's safety?
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Which of the following is NOT a suggested reform measure for law enforcement agencies?
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What does international cooperation aim to achieve regarding women's safety?
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What is a key focus area of advocacy groups concerning women's safety?
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Which measure emphasizes corporate responsibility towards women's safety?
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Study Notes
Crimes Against Women in India
- Over 50% of cases related to crimes against women were pending in Indian courts as of 2021.
- A 2018 survey by Thomson Reuters ranked India as the most dangerous country for women based on expert perceptions of sexual violence, human trafficking, and cultural practices.
- The National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) (2019-21) indicated that 29.3% of women aged 18-49 have experienced physical violence since the age of 15, and 5.2% have experienced sexual violence.
Impact of Violence Against Women
- Girls who face harassment or live in fear of violence may experience anxiety and stress, affecting their concentration and academic performance.
- Women may be discouraged from pursuing higher education or professional courses if they perceive educational institutions as unsafe environments.
- This limits their career opportunities and contributes to the gender gap in various fields.
- An unsafe environment for women hinders the achievement of several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to gender equality, health, education, and economic growth.
Solutions to Violence Against Women in India
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Police and Judicial Reforms
- Increase the recruitment of women police officers in leadership positions.
- Expand the presence of specialized police units like SHE Teams, Anti-Romeo Squads, and women-only police stations.
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Education and Awareness
- Integrate gender sensitization and awareness about women’s rights into school curriculums from an early age.
- Launch sustained public awareness campaigns to educate both men and women about gender equality.
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Empowerment and Economic Independence
- Promote women's economic independence through vocational training, entrepreneurship programs, and access to financial resources.
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Corporate Responsibility
- Encourage businesses and employers to implement strict workplace harassment policies and provide training on gender sensitivity.
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Partnerships and Collaboration
- Strengthen partnerships with NGOs and civil society groups that work on women's rights and safety.
- Collaborate with international organizations and other countries to share best practices and strategies for ensuring women’s safety.
Sub-classification of Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in India
- The Supreme Court of India delivered a landmark verdict allowing the sub-classification of SCs and STs.
- The court ruled that sub-classification is permissible to ensure that affirmative action benefits reach the most disadvantaged sections within these communities.
Constitutional Provisions for SCs and STs
- Article 15(4) enables the state to make special provisions for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens.
- Article 16(4) provides for reservation in appointments or posts in favor of any backward class of citizens.
- Article 330 provides for the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the House of the People (Lok Sabha).
- Article 332 provides for the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
- Article 338 establishes the National Commission for Scheduled Castes to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the constitutional and other legal safeguards for SCs.
Benefits of Sub-classification for SCs and STs
- Targeted Benefits: Ensures that the most marginalized sub-groups within SCs and STs can access reservation benefits.
- Historical Redress: Acknowledges and seeks to rectify historical and intra-community disparities, providing support to those who have been most disadvantaged within the broader SC and ST categories.
Policy and Administrative Implications of Sub-classification
- Guidance for state governments: Provides clear judicial backing to implement sub-classification in their reservation policies, leading to more targeted affirmative action measures.
- Safeguarding the integrity of Affirmative Action Policies: Prevents arbitrary or politically motivated decisions, thereby safeguarding the integrity of affirmative action policies.
Background of the Court Case for Sub-classification
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Early Debates and Initial Attempts (1950s-1980s):
- Constitutional Provisions: The Indian Constitution, enacted in 1950, included provisions for affirmative action to address historical injustices and discrimination.
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National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) Reports:
- Role: The NCSC, a constitutional body, has periodically examined the implementation of reservation policies and highlighted the need for sub-categorization in its reports.
Growing Disparities within SCs and STs
- Findings (1980s-1990s): The commission highlighted significant disparities within the SC community and suggested the need for sub-categorization to ensure that benefits reach the most marginalized sections.
Justice Raghunath Rao Committee (2008)
- Objective: Formed by the Andhra Pradesh government to analyze the status of different sub-castes within the SC category in the state.
- Recommendations: Recommended the sub-classification of SCs in Andhra Pradesh to ensure a fair distribution of reservation benefits.
Concerns Regarding Sub-classification
- Administrative Challenges: Implementing sub-classification requires meticulous data collection, accurate identification of sub-groups, and a clear system for allocating reservation benefits.
- Potential for Abuse: Without strict guidelines and oversight, sub-classification could become arbitrary, favoring certain sub-groups based on political considerations rather than genuine socio-economic need.
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Description
This quiz explores the alarming statistics and impact of crimes against women in India. It covers the legal landscape, societal perceptions, and the broader implications on women's education and career opportunities. Understanding these issues is crucial for addressing gender inequality in the country.
