Women, Law, and Crime Course Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the due date for the online quizzes?

  • Every fourth Monday by 4:00 pm
  • Every third Monday by 4:00 pm
  • Every second Monday by 4:00 pm (correct)
  • Every Monday by 4:00 pm
  • What is the weight of the Midterm exam?

  • 15%
  • 30%
  • 25% (correct)
  • 10%
  • What is the name of the required textbook for the course?

  • The Canadian Criminal Justice System
  • Women and the Criminal Justice System: A Canadian Perspective (correct)
  • Women in Law and Crime
  • Women and the Law
  • What is the due date for the Media Assignment?

    <p>March 19 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the format of the Final Exam?

    <p>Take-home exam (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of specialty courts in Canada?

    <p>To divert people away from the Criminal Justice System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of court handles cases involving claims against the government?

    <p>Federal courts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a federal tribunal whose decisions are reviewed by the Federal Court of Appeal?

    <p>Tax Court (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary finding of the Brown Commission report released in 1849?

    <p>The inhumane living conditions and punishments inflicted on women at Kingston Penitentiary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason behind the practice of housing female inmates with male inmates in the past?

    <p>The small number of female offenders in the correctional system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the 'Creating Choices' report?

    <p>To highlight problems within the correctional system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization reviews policies of the Correctional Service Canada (CSC)?

    <p>Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism did the 'Creating Choices' report face?

    <p>It did not adequately define woman-centeredness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key goal of the Canadian Association of Elizabeth Fry Societies?

    <p>To advocate for the decarceration of women and girls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Citizen Advisory Committees (CAC’s) play within the correctional justice system?

    <p>They contribute to improving the quality of programs for incarcerated people (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the RCMP?

    <p>Municipal by-law enforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a key difference between provincial and municipal police services in Canada?

    <p>Provincial police forces are responsible for policing in areas where the RCMP or municipal forces are not available. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many stand-alone municipal police organizations exist in Canada?

    <p>137 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest court level in each Canadian province?

    <p>Supreme Court of Canada (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of case handled by Provincial and Territorial Courts?

    <p>Murder trials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of policing agreement allows a First Nation or Inuit community to manage its own police service?

    <p>Self-administered Police Service Agreements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary responsibility of the Minister of Public Safety in Canada?

    <p>Overseeing the operations of the RCMP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the training depot for the RCMP?

    <p>Regina Training Depot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year did the Prison for Women (P4W) close?

    <p>2000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following gendered rehabilitation programs were offered at P4W?

    <p>Hairdressing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major concern was raised about the housing of women in P4W?

    <p>Housing women too far from home (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which institution was specifically noted for its healing lodge for Indigenous women?

    <p>Okimaw Ohci Healing Lodge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main goal of the Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women (TFFSW)?

    <p>Access correctional management of women (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what percentage did the number of women in federal corrections increase since 2014/2015?

    <p>20% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a reported issue with P4W?

    <p>Gender-neutral rehabilitation programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key characteristic of the five initial institutions opened for women after P4W was closed?

    <p>They were located in different provinces across Canada (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of Nixon's War on Drugs?

    <p>To combat drug use and distribution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence do many incarcerated mothers face regarding their children?

    <p>Children are typically placed in foster care or with relatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which program was implemented in 2001 to support incarcerated mothers?

    <p>Mother-Child Program (MCP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one eligibility requirement for the Mother-Child Program?

    <p>No criminal charges against the child (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population accounts for a significant percentage of self-harm incidents in corrections?

    <p>Indigenous women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the officers involved in the April 22, 1994, women's prison riot respond afterward?

    <p>They all resign from their positions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common coping strategy some women may use while incarcerated?

    <p>Committing criminal behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant action taken as a response to the P4W riot on April 26?

    <p>A male institutional response team was called in (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Course Syllabus

    A document outlining course objectives and evaluation methods.

    Online Quizzes

    Assessments due every second Monday, forming 15% of the grade.

    Midterm Exam

    An in-class exam worth 25% of the overall grade, scheduled for Feb 12.

    Media Assignment

    An assignment that contributes 30% to your final mark, due March 19.

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    Final Take-Home Exam

    A culminating assessment contributing 30% to the overall grade, completed at home.

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    Courts of Appeal

    Review cases from provincial/territorial superior courts.

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    Provincial Specialty Courts

    Courts designed to handle specific types of offences.

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    Federal Courts

    Hear cases involving the government and federal areas.

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    Supreme Court of Canada

    Highest court with authority over all law; no trials, only appeals.

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    Correctional System

    Federal and provincial services managing incarcerated individuals.

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    Three tiers of policing

    The levels of law enforcement in Canada: Municipal, Provincial, and Federal.

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    Municipal policing

    Largest policing force in Canada, governed by provincial acts with 137 organizations.

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    Provincial policing

    Three services in Canada: Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland; fills gaps left by others.

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    RCMP

    Royal Canadian Mounted Police; federal police service overseeing policing in Canada.

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    First Nations Policing Policy (FNPP)

    Introduced in June 1991 to enhance policing in Indigenous communities.

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    Self-administered Police Service Agreements

    Agreements allowing First Nations or Inuit to manage their own police services.

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    Community Tripartite Agreements

    Police agreements involving a dedicated group from RCMP to serve Indigenous communities.

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    Provincial Courts

    First venue for criminal cases in each province, with three levels of courts.

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    Prison for Women (P4W)

    The first prison for women in Canada, opened in 1934, addressing female incarceration needs.

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    Closure of P4W

    P4W was closed in 2000 following recommendations from the Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women.

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    TFFSW

    Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women, aimed to improve women's correctional management.

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    Gendered rehabilitation programs

    Programs in P4W focused on skills considered suitable for women, like cooking and housekeeping.

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    Indigenous women's needs

    P4W lacked adequate provisions to address the unique needs of Indigenous women.

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    Regional facilities for women

    After P4W's closure, women were moved to five regional institutions for better support.

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    Increase in incarcerated women

    The number of women in federal corrections increased by 20% since 2014/2015.

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    Main facilities for women

    Key institutions for women include Grand Valley, Nova, Edmonton, Joliette, and Okimaw Ohci.

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    Creating Choices Report

    A 1990 report highlighting problems in the correctional system for women.

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    Arbour Inquiry

    An investigation into the treatment of federally sentenced women in Canada.

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    Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI)

    A body reviewing policies and complaints related to correctional services.

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    Citizen Advisory Committees (CAC's)

    Groups allowing public input on the quality of incarcerated programs.

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    Canadian Association of Elizabeth Fry Societies

    Organization aimed at supporting incarcerated women and advocating for decarceration.

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    War on Drugs

    A campaign launched by President Nixon to reduce drug use and distribution.

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    Mother-Child Program (MCP)

    A government initiative to keep incarcerated mothers with their children.

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    Incarcerated Mothers

    Women in prison who are often primary caregivers for their children.

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    Coping Strategies

    Behaviors employed to manage difficult situations, like incarceration stress.

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    Self-Injury in Incarcerated Women

    A significant issue where 24-38% of women engage in self-harm in prisons.

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    Indigenous Women and Self-Harm

    Indigenous women represent 45.9% of self-harm incidents in corrections.

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    April 22nd Incident

    A women's prison riot involving assaults and disturbances at P4W in 1994.

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    Criticisms of MCP

    Concerns regarding the effectiveness and fairness of the Mother-Child Program.

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    Study Notes

    Women, Law, and Crime

    • The course covers women, law, and crime, including the Canadian legal system
    • The course objectives include introduction, syllabus review, Kahoot, and an introduction to women in law and crime.

    Course Syllabus

    • Required text: Barker, J., & Tavcer, D.S. (2022). Women and the Criminal Justice System: A Canadian Perspective (3rd ed.). Edmond Publishing.

    • Evaluation:

      • Online Quizzes (15%): Due every other Monday by 4:00 pm. Best 3 out of 5.
      • Midterm (25%): February 12th, in class.
      • Media Assignment (30%): Due March 19th.
      • Final Take-Home Exam (30%):
    • Teaching Assistants (TAs):

    • Office Hours: Mondays, 2-3 pm, RCE 251 or by appointment

    Canadian Policing Structure

    • Three tiers:
      • Municipal (137 stand-alone organizations in Canada, highest in Ontario—44).
      • Provincial (Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland).
      • Federal (RCMP).

    Indigenous Policing

    • Introduced June 1991 (FNPP)—First Nations Policing Policy.
    • Two types of policing agreements:
      • Self-administered Police Service Agreements: First Nations or Inuit communities manage their own police service under provincial legislation.
      • Community Tripartite Agreements: RCMP officers work with First Nations and Inuit communities.

    Provincial Courts

    • Each province has its own provincial court—the first level for criminal cases.
    • Three levels:
      • Provincial/Territorial Courts: Handle less serious crimes (by-laws, small claims, traffic violations, family law).
      • Superior Courts: Hear most serious criminal cases (jury trials).
      • Courts of Appeal: Review cases from provincial/territorial superior courts.

    Provincial Specialty Courts

    • Specialty courts exist at the provincial/territorial level.
    • Created to deal with specific types of offences (drug treatment, domestic violence).

    Federal Courts

    • Deal with claims against the government and federal areas (immigration, citizenship).
    • Specialized courts: Tax Court, Military Court.
    • Federal Court of Appeal: Reviews decisions of federal tribunals (copyright board, human rights tribunal, transportation appeals).

    Supreme Court of Canada

    • Highest court in Canada—no trials held here, only appeals from other courts.
    • Composed of a chief justice and eight other judges, appointed by the prime minister.
    • Reviews cases from different provinces and territories.

    Correctional System

    • Consists of federal and provincial services.
    • Women are incarcerated at a much lower rate than men (7.45% in 2018-2020).
    • Due to a smaller number of female offenders, female inmates are sometimes housed with males.

    Prison for Women (P4W)

    • Opened in 1934.
    • Faced many issues like gendered rehabilitation programs (hairdressing, housekeeping), housing costs, and problems with housing all women in one prison.
    • Located far from women's Homes.
    • Lack of French and Indigenous programming.
    • Closed in 2000.

    Prisons for Women (current)

    • Grand Valley Institution for Women (Kitchener, ON).
    • Nova Institution (Nova Scotia).
    • Edmonton Institution for Women (Alberta).
    • Joliette Institution (Quebec).
    • Okimaw Ohci Healing Lodge (Saskatchewan).

    Statistics of Incarcerated Women

    • The number of women in federal corrections increased by 20% between 2014-2015 but the total number of offenders changed very little.

    Criminalized Women

    • "Criminalized" describes individuals whose behaviors are sanctioned by law; race, class, gender, and sexuality affect criminalization.
    • Crimes against the person (23%).
    • Crimes against property (25.8%).

    Theft and Fraud

    • Two common crimes among women: theft and fraud.
    • Economic needs are a significant factor.

    Black Women, Fraud, and Welfare Queen

    • Black women were blamed for welfare fraud in the 1980s and 1990s.

    Illicit Drugs

    • Women are commonly charged with drug-related activities (driving under the influence, possession, trafficking, importation).
    • Drug-related offences increased by 52% from 1991-2014.

    War on Drugs

    • President Nixon launched strategies to combat drug use and distribution.
    • Canada followed with similar policies like Harper's Safe Streets and Community Act.
    • Emily Murphy: One of the "Famous Five" and referred to as the "mother of marijuana criminalization."

    Incarcerated Mothers

    • Many incarcerated women are mothers.
    • Children of incarcerated mothers are often placed in foster care or with other family members.
    • Women worry about their children, causing stress.
    • Some women are allowed to have their children in prison, but most are not.

    Mother-Child Program (MCP)

    • Government-initiated program to keep families together.
    • Implemented in 2001.
    • Eligibility criteria include minimum or medium security, no mental health issues or criminal charges against a child, and access to an inmate babysitter/alternate caregiver outside prison.

    Coping Strategies

    • Many women develop coping strategies when incarcerated, including self-injury (24-38% among incarcerated women, 45.9% Indigenous women).
    • Suicide rates among incarcerated women are higher.
    • Alcohol and drug abuse are also common.

    April 22nd Incident

    • Women's prison riot at P4W on April 22, 1994.
    • Riot involved throwing food, verbally assaulting officers, slashing, and attempted hostage-taking.

    The Fifth Estate-P4W Riot Video and Discussion

    • Fifth Estate- video that discusses the riot
    • Topics to consider in the discussion include whether women's rights were violated, the warden's response, and a Commission of Inquiry.

    Creating Choices Report

    • Released in 1990 by the Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women.
    • Highlighted problems with the correctional system, but criticisms of the report included that it failed to fully address the criteria of women-centeredness.

    Watchdog Groups

    • Groups dedicated to ensuring rights within the Canadian legal system (i.e. Correctional Investigator, Citizen Advisory Committees, and the Canadian Association of Elizabeth Fry Societies).
    • Goal to support incarcerated women and girls, increase awareness of "decarceration."

    Next Week: Theoretical Perspectives

    • Required reading: Chapter Two
    • Reminders: registration for accessibility services, opt-out deadline for textbooks, office hours.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of women, law, and crime within the Canadian legal framework. Explore the course syllabus, evaluation methods, and the structure of Canadian policing. Engage in discussions that highlight the significance of women's roles in the criminal justice system.

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