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Questions and Answers
What is one goal of feminist criminology?
What is one goal of feminist criminology?
Which theory views biological differences as the main reason for female criminal behavior?
Which theory views biological differences as the main reason for female criminal behavior?
Why have women been rendered invisible in criminology?
Why have women been rendered invisible in criminology?
Which path did initial feminist contributions to criminology take?
Which path did initial feminist contributions to criminology take?
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The mainstream of theories of crime was criticized for:
The mainstream of theories of crime was criticized for:
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Which approach argues that women are 'naturally' inferior, impacting their criminality?
Which approach argues that women are 'naturally' inferior, impacting their criminality?
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What social issue has not typically been seen as a crime concern?
What social issue has not typically been seen as a crime concern?
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What does Leonard's modification of Merton’s strain theory suggest about female aspirations?
What does Leonard's modification of Merton’s strain theory suggest about female aspirations?
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What factor is emphasized as a crucial connection to women's law violations?
What factor is emphasized as a crucial connection to women's law violations?
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What is a critique of Leonard's modified strain theory?
What is a critique of Leonard's modified strain theory?
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According to research findings, whom does chivalry in the criminal justice system primarily affect?
According to research findings, whom does chivalry in the criminal justice system primarily affect?
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What does the Women’s Liberation Thesis assert about female criminality?
What does the Women’s Liberation Thesis assert about female criminality?
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Which of the following approaches to women’s crime emphasizes gender inequality in society?
Which of the following approaches to women’s crime emphasizes gender inequality in society?
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What issue does the gender ratio problem address regarding crime?
What issue does the gender ratio problem address regarding crime?
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What does mainstream theory tend to overlook in its discussions on crime?
What does mainstream theory tend to overlook in its discussions on crime?
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How do modified mainstream theories of crime typically treat women?
How do modified mainstream theories of crime typically treat women?
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What concept introduced by Amir suggests that women bear some responsibility for being raped?
What concept introduced by Amir suggests that women bear some responsibility for being raped?
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What legislative reform in Canada allows husbands to be charged for domestic violence?
What legislative reform in Canada allows husbands to be charged for domestic violence?
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What was one effect of the increased awareness of male violence against women?
What was one effect of the increased awareness of male violence against women?
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What tragic event reinforced the pervasive nature of violence against women in Canada?
What tragic event reinforced the pervasive nature of violence against women in Canada?
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According to the 1993 Violence Against Women Survey, what percentage of women reported being victims of physical or sexual violence?
According to the 1993 Violence Against Women Survey, what percentage of women reported being victims of physical or sexual violence?
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What factor contributes to the heightened risk of violence against Indigenous women in Canada?
What factor contributes to the heightened risk of violence against Indigenous women in Canada?
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What was a primary function of the 'rape shield' law implemented in Canada?
What was a primary function of the 'rape shield' law implemented in Canada?
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Which of the following statements best describes the impact of societal silence on women's experiences of violence?
Which of the following statements best describes the impact of societal silence on women's experiences of violence?
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What change did Bill C-49 introduce regarding victims of violence?
What change did Bill C-49 introduce regarding victims of violence?
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What was a consequence of the Supreme Court decision in 1995 regarding women's shelters and crisis centers?
What was a consequence of the Supreme Court decision in 1995 regarding women's shelters and crisis centers?
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What trend is illustrated by the practice of double charging in domestic assault cases?
What trend is illustrated by the practice of double charging in domestic assault cases?
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What is the primary connection established by 'pathways' research regarding criminalized women?
What is the primary connection established by 'pathways' research regarding criminalized women?
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How does the perception of women's violence differ from men's violence according to Pearson (1997)?
How does the perception of women's violence differ from men's violence according to Pearson (1997)?
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What typical legal response do criminalized women often face according to the content?
What typical legal response do criminalized women often face according to the content?
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What was the main intent behind Bill C-46 in 1997 regarding women's records?
What was the main intent behind Bill C-46 in 1997 regarding women's records?
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Which of the following statements best describes the implications of zero-tolerance policies in domestic violence cases?
Which of the following statements best describes the implications of zero-tolerance policies in domestic violence cases?
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What is the primary argument made by feminist criminologists regarding women and murder charges?
What is the primary argument made by feminist criminologists regarding women and murder charges?
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Which systemic factors are connected to women's vulnerability to victimization according to intersectionality theory?
Which systemic factors are connected to women's vulnerability to victimization according to intersectionality theory?
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What is a primary aim of feminist engagement with criminology?
What is a primary aim of feminist engagement with criminology?
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How do structured inequalities affect criminalized women according to feminist criminologists?
How do structured inequalities affect criminalized women according to feminist criminologists?
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What aspect of male violence against women do feminist criminologists advocate questioning?
What aspect of male violence against women do feminist criminologists advocate questioning?
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Why is it important to include women's interests in criminological studies?
Why is it important to include women's interests in criminological studies?
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What usually constrains women's social supports and available options according to the victimization-criminalization continuum?
What usually constrains women's social supports and available options according to the victimization-criminalization continuum?
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What misconception about women's criminality is challenged by feminist criminologists?
What misconception about women's criminality is challenged by feminist criminologists?
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Study Notes
The Invisibility of Women
- Criminology has historically been male-centric.
- The focus of criminological inquiry has been on male behavior.
- Women have been largely ignored in criminology, partly due to their relatively low rate of criminal offending.
- Violence against women has not been considered a major crime concern
- Feminist criminology aims to place women and an analysis of gender at the center of criminological inquiry.
The Women’s Liberation Thesis
- Increased female participation in the workforce will lead to more women behaving like men criminally.
Conservative Approach
- This approach emphasizes biological determinism.
- Focuses on inherent differences between men and women that explain female criminality.
- Women are viewed as naturally inferior, which accounts for their lower crime rate.
- Criminologists focused on a small group of women deemed pathological who assaulted women.
- The concept of “victim precipitation” blames women for sexual assault.
Violence Against Women
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The women's movement encouraged victims to share their experiences.
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Services for victims of abuse emerged, including rape crisis lines and centers, and shelters.
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Legislative reforms in Canada in 1983 included:
- Husbands could be charged with assault.
- Limits were placed on questions about victim's past sexual history to discredit their testimony.
- The corroboration requirement for rape cases was dropped.
- The doctrine of recent complaint for rape cases was eliminated.
- A publication ban was enacted on the identity of the complainant.
- Police were directed to lay charges in domestic assault cases.
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Montreal Massacre (1989) - 14 women were murdered in a shooting at École Polytechnique in Montreal, with the perpetrator claiming feminists were to blame for his failures in life.
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The 1993 Violence Against Women Survey found that half of women in Canada had experienced some form of physical or sexual violence, and almost half experienced violence by a man they knew.
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Indigenous women are five times as likely to die as a result of violence and are murdered or reported missing at a higher rate than other women.
Blurred Boundaries: Women as Victims and Offenders
- Most women who are criminalized have experienced physical abuse or sexual assault as children or adults.
- Indigenous women are significantly more likely to experience violence and abuse.
- Research on women's "pathways" shows a correlation between victimization and criminal activity.
- The criminalized woman becomes the "woman in trouble," needing help rather than punishment.
The Victimization-Criminalization Continuum
- Women's history of victimization often reduces their social support and options, making them more susceptible to criminalization.
- Intersectionality theory highlights how systemic factors like patriarchy, poverty, and colonialism intersect to contribute to women's vulnerability to victimization.
- This vulnerability limits their agency and capacity to make choices.
Feminist Approach
- Feminist criminology examines the broader social context of women's criminality.
- It explores the influence of structural inequalities based on class race, and gender on the lives of women who engage in criminality.
- Feminist criminology questions how social and legal responses to violence against women reinforce the problem.
- Feminist criminology seeks to include women's interests and perspectives in criminology, challenging the traditional male-centric view.
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Description
Explore the contributions of feminist criminology to understand the invisibility of women in criminal studies. This quiz covers key theories such as the Women's Liberation Thesis and conservative perspectives on female criminality. Gain insight into how gender impacts criminological inquiry and challenges traditional views.
