Feminist Criminology Insights
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Questions and Answers

What is one goal of feminist criminology?

  • To maintain women's invisibility in criminal studies.
  • To analyze gender as a central focus in criminology. (correct)
  • To promote male-centered theories.
  • To discourage gender equality in crime analysis.

    • Which theory views biological differences as the main reason for female criminal behavior?

  • Feminist approach
  • Conservative approach (correct)
  • Women liberation thesis
  • Liberal approach

    • Why have women been rendered invisible in criminology?

  • Due to their major role as criminal offenders.
  • Because violence against women is prioritized.
  • Due to societal support of women in criminal justice.
  • Because criminology is primarily interested in male behaviors. (correct)

    • Which path did initial feminist contributions to criminology take?

    <p>Critiqued sexism in theories explaining women’s crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mainstream of theories of crime was criticized for:

    <p>Overemphasizing male criminal behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach argues that women are 'naturally' inferior, impacting their criminality?

    <p>Conservative approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social issue has not typically been seen as a crime concern?

    <p>Violence against women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Leonard's modification of Merton’s strain theory suggest about female aspirations?

    <p>Women are socialized to aspire to goals like marriage and children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is emphasized as a crucial connection to women's law violations?

    <p>Their experiences of victimization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critique of Leonard's modified strain theory?

    <p>It fails to consider strains and frustrations faced by women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to research findings, whom does chivalry in the criminal justice system primarily affect?

    <p>White middle- and upper-class women who conform to stereotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Women’s Liberation Thesis assert about female criminality?

    <p>It will resemble male criminality as gender differences decrease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following approaches to women’s crime emphasizes gender inequality in society?

    <p>Feminist approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue does the gender ratio problem address regarding crime?

    <p>Why women have lower rates of criminality compared to men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mainstream theory tend to overlook in its discussions on crime?

    <p>The unique societal pressures faced by women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do modified mainstream theories of crime typically treat women?

    <p>As secondary subjects and afterthoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept introduced by Amir suggests that women bear some responsibility for being raped?

    <p>Victim precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legislative reform in Canada allows husbands to be charged for domestic violence?

    <p>1983 amendments to the Criminal Code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one effect of the increased awareness of male violence against women?

    <p>More criminal charges laid by police</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tragic event reinforced the pervasive nature of violence against women in Canada?

    <p>The Montreal Massacre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the 1993 Violence Against Women Survey, what percentage of women reported being victims of physical or sexual violence?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the heightened risk of violence against Indigenous women in Canada?

    <p>Social invisibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary function of the 'rape shield' law implemented in Canada?

    <p>Prevents questioning about a woman's past sexual history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the impact of societal silence on women's experiences of violence?

    <p>It perpetuated shame and lack of support for victims.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change did Bill C-49 introduce regarding victims of violence?

    <p>It made the victim's sexual past inadmissible as evidence related to consent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the Supreme Court decision in 1995 regarding women's shelters and crisis centers?

    <p>It required these institutions to share files that could be used against women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend is illustrated by the practice of double charging in domestic assault cases?

    <p>It assumes both spouses and their levels of violence are equal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary connection established by 'pathways' research regarding criminalized women?

    <p>Victimization often leads to increased criminal activity in women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the perception of women's violence differ from men's violence according to Pearson (1997)?

    <p>Women's violence tends to be more underhanded and less recognized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typical legal response do criminalized women often face according to the content?

    <p>They receive more lenient treatment from the criminal justice system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main intent behind Bill C-46 in 1997 regarding women's records?

    <p>To limit access to confidential records of victims in legal settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the implications of zero-tolerance policies in domestic violence cases?

    <p>They often increase the number of charges but yield high dismissal rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary argument made by feminist criminologists regarding women and murder charges?

    <p>Women are seldom charged with murder, and often when they are, it is in self-defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systemic factors are connected to women's vulnerability to victimization according to intersectionality theory?

    <p>Patriarchy, poverty, and colonialism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary aim of feminist engagement with criminology?

    <p>To make women more visible in criminology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do structured inequalities affect criminalized women according to feminist criminologists?

    <p>They condition and constrain the lives of criminalized women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of male violence against women do feminist criminologists advocate questioning?

    <p>The societal and legal responses that reinforce it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to include women's interests in criminological studies?

    <p>To transform the criminological enterprise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What usually constrains women's social supports and available options according to the victimization-criminalization continuum?

    <p>Their experiences of victimization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception about women's criminality is challenged by feminist criminologists?

    <p>Women are inherently less capable of violence than men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Invisibility of Women

    • Criminology has historically been male-centric.
    • The focus of criminological inquiry has been on male behavior.
    • Women have been largely ignored in criminology, partly due to their relatively low rate of criminal offending.
    • Violence against women has not been considered a major crime concern
    • Feminist criminology aims to place women and an analysis of gender at the center of criminological inquiry.

    The Women’s Liberation Thesis

    • Increased female participation in the workforce will lead to more women behaving like men criminally.

    Conservative Approach

    • This approach emphasizes biological determinism.
    • Focuses on inherent differences between men and women that explain female criminality.
    • Women are viewed as naturally inferior, which accounts for their lower crime rate.
    • Criminologists focused on a small group of women deemed pathological who assaulted women.
    • The concept of “victim precipitation” blames women for sexual assault.

    Violence Against Women

    • The women's movement encouraged victims to share their experiences.

    • Services for victims of abuse emerged, including rape crisis lines and centers, and shelters.

    • Legislative reforms in Canada in 1983 included:

      • Husbands could be charged with assault.
      • Limits were placed on questions about victim's past sexual history to discredit their testimony.
      • The corroboration requirement for rape cases was dropped.
      • The doctrine of recent complaint for rape cases was eliminated.
      • A publication ban was enacted on the identity of the complainant.
      • Police were directed to lay charges in domestic assault cases.

    • Montreal Massacre (1989) - 14 women were murdered in a shooting at École Polytechnique in Montreal, with the perpetrator claiming feminists were to blame for his failures in life.

    • The 1993 Violence Against Women Survey found that half of women in Canada had experienced some form of physical or sexual violence, and almost half experienced violence by a man they knew.

    • Indigenous women are five times as likely to die as a result of violence and are murdered or reported missing at a higher rate than other women.

    Blurred Boundaries: Women as Victims and Offenders

    • Most women who are criminalized have experienced physical abuse or sexual assault as children or adults.
    • Indigenous women are significantly more likely to experience violence and abuse.
    • Research on women's "pathways" shows a correlation between victimization and criminal activity.
    • The criminalized woman becomes the "woman in trouble," needing help rather than punishment.

    The Victimization-Criminalization Continuum

    • Women's history of victimization often reduces their social support and options, making them more susceptible to criminalization.
    • Intersectionality theory highlights how systemic factors like patriarchy, poverty, and colonialism intersect to contribute to women's vulnerability to victimization.
    • This vulnerability limits their agency and capacity to make choices.

    Feminist Approach

    • Feminist criminology examines the broader social context of women's criminality.
    • It explores the influence of structural inequalities based on class race, and gender on the lives of women who engage in criminality.
    • Feminist criminology questions how social and legal responses to violence against women reinforce the problem.
    • Feminist criminology seeks to include women's interests and perspectives in criminology, challenging the traditional male-centric view.

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    Feminism and Criminology PDF

    Description

    Explore the contributions of feminist criminology to understand the invisibility of women in criminal studies. This quiz covers key theories such as the Women's Liberation Thesis and conservative perspectives on female criminality. Gain insight into how gender impacts criminological inquiry and challenges traditional views.

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