Current Affairs September 2024 PDF

Current Affairs September 2024 Chief Editor B. Singh (Ex. IES) CMD, NEXT IAS & MADE EASY Group...

Current Affairs September 2024 Chief Editor B. Singh (Ex. IES) CMD, NEXT IAS & MADE EASY Group MADE EASY Publications Pvt. Ltd. Corporate Office: 44-A/4, Kalu Sarai, New Delhi-110016 Visit us at: www.madeeasypublications.org  011-45124660, 8860378007 E-mail: [email protected] © Copyright 2024 MADE EASY Publications Pvt. Ltd. has taken due care in collecting Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this magazine are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect policy or position of CURRENT AFFAIRS Magazine the data before publishing this book. Inspite of this, if any or MADE EASY Publications. They should be understood as the personal opinions of inaccuracy or printing error occurs then MADE EASY Publications the author/ authors. The MADE EASY assumes no responsibility for views and opinions owes no responsibility. 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Compilation of UPSC relevant news from 1st August to 31st August 2024 Contents 2 International Relation Women's Safety in India.....................................................................................6 India-Sri Lanka Fishermen Issue................................................................... 78 Regime Change in Bangladesh..................................................................... 11 Supply Chain Council....................................................................................... 79 Sub Classification of SC/STs........................................................................... 14 Ukraine Votes to join ICC................................................................................ 79 Lateral Entry into Civil Services..................................................................... 17 Rail Force One.................................................................................................... 80 Prime Minister’s State Visit to Poland.......................................................... 80 Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024....................................................................... 21 Tourism Sector in India.................................................................................... 24 3 Economy E-Commerce Sector in India.......................................................................... 27 J&K Lithium Block gets no Bids..................................................................... 81 Contribution of Space Sector to India’s GDP............................................ 29 Latest Revelation by Hindenburg on the SEBI Chief.............................. 82 India-Ukraine Relation..................................................................................... 31 US has became Second Largest Supplier of LNG in India.................... 84 India-Japan Relation......................................................................................... 34 Middle-Income Trap......................................................................................... 85 AUKUS New Deal............................................................................................... 36 States Can Directly Buy Rice from FCI......................................................... 86 Global South Summit....................................................................................... 38 Policy Change for Aircraft Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul.......... 86 Instability in India’s Neighbourhood........................................................... 43 Horticulture Clusters........................................................................................ 87 FTA talk with BIMSTEC..................................................................................... 48 New Ramsar Sites.............................................................................................. 50 Exploration of Geothermal Energy.............................................................. 87 Increase in Global Flooding Incidence....................................................... 53 Yen Carry Trade.................................................................................................. 88 Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024...................................... 56 RBI Enhances UPI Transaction Limit for Tax Payments.......................... 88 INS Arighaat........................................................................................................ 58 Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024....................................................... 89 e-Mobility in India............................................................................................. 59 Global Employment Trends for Youth 2024.............................................. 89 BioE3 Policy......................................................................................................... 63 Housing Finance Companies (HFCs)........................................................... 91 Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)..................................................................... 66 Space-Driven Solutions for Agricultural Transformation in India...... 91 India’s Performance in Paris Olympics........................................................ 68 Andhra Pradesh Community-Managed Natural Farming (APCMNF)......................................................................................... 92 1 Polity & Governance Performance Review of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)............................ 93 Bail is Rule and Jail is Exception’: SC............................................................ 71 Central Law on Health Care Professions.................................................... 72 4 Environment Senior Advocates of SC................................................................................... 72 Draft notification to declare Western Ghats as Eco-sensitive............. 95 Privilege Motion................................................................................................ 73 Ground-level Ozone Pollution...................................................................... 96 Law Ministry Report on Judicial Infrastructure....................................... 74 Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve.............................................. 97 No-confidence Motion Against Vice-President....................................... 75 Management of Ballast Water....................................................................... 98 Jan Poshan Kendras.......................................................................................... 75 Gymnema Sylvestre (Gurmar)....................................................................... 99 Deen Dayal SPARSH Yojana............................................................................ 75 Malabar Tree Toad (MTT)................................................................................ 99 Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana....................................................................... 76 Microplastic Contamination in Food........................................................100 FloodWatch India 2.0....................................................................................... 76 India's Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme.................................102 Model Solar Village’........................................................................................... 77 Mettukurinji (Strobilanthes Sessilis)..........................................................103 ii 5 Geography 8 Society Justice Hema Committee Report...............................................................121 Death due to Lightening..............................................................................104 Women Entrepreneurship Programme....................................................121 ‘National Disaster’ Tag for Landslide.........................................................106 Dhangars of Maharashtra.............................................................................122 Pyrocumulonimbus Clouds..........................................................................107 Pasmanda Muslim...........................................................................................123 Botswana Discovered the World’s Second Largest Diamond...........108 Right to Disconnect........................................................................................124 Mass Wasting of Sedongpu Gully of Tibetan Plateau..........................108 HP Increases Minimum Age of Marriage for Women...........................125 Mount Kilimanjaro..........................................................................................109 9 Culture & History St Martin’s Island..............................................................................................110 Guam Island......................................................................................................110 Gumti River.......................................................................................................111 Udham Singh....................................................................................................126 Pingali Venkayya..............................................................................................126 6 Internal Security Srinagar gets tag of ‘World Craft City’.......................................................127 Quit India Movement.....................................................................................128 GAURAV LRGB...................................................................................................112 152nd Birth Anniversary of Sri Aurobindo................................................128 54th Foundation Day of BPR&D..................................................................112 Namdhari Sect..................................................................................................130 Bilateral Exercises............................................................................................113 10 Miscellaneous 7 Science & Technology National Geoscience Awards.......................................................................131 Eri Silk..................................................................................................................131 WHO Declares Mpox as Public Health Emergency...............................114 Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar............................................................................131 Extremophile....................................................................................................114 Vadhvan Port: A Game-Changer for Viksit Bharat.................................132 Vigyan Dhara....................................................................................................114 Pumped Storage Projects.............................................................................132 Tanager-1 Satellite..........................................................................................115 NATS 2.0.............................................................................................................133 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus (VDPV)...........................................................116 Global Traditional Medicine Centre...........................................................133 Quantum Nonlocality....................................................................................116 National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) 2024......................134 Giant Radio Sources.......................................................................................117 Axiom-4 Mission..............................................................................................117 11 Data Recap Ceramic Objects...............................................................................................117..............................................................................................................................135 UN Convention Against Cybercrime.........................................................118 UNESCO Kalinga Prize for Popularisation of Science...........................119 DDoS Attack......................................................................................................120 Mains Questions..............................................................................................136  Current Affairs Feature Articles Edition: September 2024 4 Cover Story Current Affairs Edition: September 2024 5  Current Affairs COVER STORY Cover Story Edition: September 2024 WOMEN'S SAFETY IN INDIA Recently, a horrific crime occurred in Kolkata that shocked the nation. About:  The crime took place in the early hours of August 9, 2024. A 31-year-old postgraduate trainee doctor at RG Kar Medical The incident highlighted significant lapses in security College and Hospital was raped and murdered inside a and raised questions about the safety of women, even in seminar hall on the hospital premises. professional environments like hospitals. SEXUAL CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA Hathras Gang Rape (2020): the perpetrators, with three of them being sentenced to  Incident: A 19-year-old Dalit woman was allegedly gang- death under the newly introduced anti-rape laws. raped in Hathras, Uttar Pradesh, in September 2020. She Nirbhaya delhi gang rape case (2012): succumbed to her injuries two weeks later in a hospital in  The 2012 Nirbhaya Delhi gang rape case refers to a brutal Delhi. incident that occurred on the night of December 16, 2012,  Outcome: The case led to widespread condemnation in New Delhi, India. and demands for justice, bringing attention to the  A 23-year-old physiotherapy intern, later named "Nirbhaya" vulnerabilities faced by Dalit women in India. (meaning "fearless") by the media to protect her identity, Hyderabad Veterinary Doctor Rape and Murder (2019): was gang-raped and assaulted on a moving bus by six  Incident: In November 2019, a 26-year-old veterinary men. Her male companion, who was with her, was also doctor was raped, murdered, and then her body was severely beaten. set on fire by four men near Hyderabad. The crime was Legal Proceedings: premeditated, with the perpetrators deflating her scooter  Arrests: All six perpetrators were arrested shortly after tire to create an opportunity for the attack. the incident. One of them was a juvenile, tried separately  Impact: This case reignited discussion on women’s safety, under the Juvenile Justice Act. leading to the demand for stricter laws and faster trials in  Convictions: Four of the adult attackers were sentenced cases of sexual violence. to death in 2013 by a fast-track court, which was upheld Unnao Rape Case (2017): by the Delhi High Court and later by the Supreme Court of  Incident: A minor girl was raped in Uttar Pradesh. The India. case gained national attention when the victim attempted  Execution: The four convicted men were executed by self-immolation in front of the Uttar Pradesh Chief hanging on March 20, 2020, after multiple appeals and Minister's residence in 2018 after facing harassment and delays. threats. Impact:  Significance: The case highlighted the misuse of power  Legislative Changes: The case led to significant and the difficulties faced by victims in obtaining justice, amendments to Indian laws, including the introduction of especially when the accused are influential figures. the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, which expanded Mumbai Shakti Mills Gang Rape (2013): the definition of rape and increased the penalties for  Incident: In August 2013, a 22-year-old photojournalist sexual violence. was gang-raped by five men in the abandoned Shakti  Cultural Impact: The Nirbhaya case became a turning Mills compound in Mumbai. The incident occurred when point in India’s approach to sexual violence, prompting a she and a male colleague were on assignment. national and international dialogue about gender-based  Legal Outcome: The swift trial resulted in the conviction of violence and the need for systemic change. The day a Woman can walk freely on the, that day the roads at at night, night, day we can say that India has achieved independence —Mahatma Gandhi 6  Cover Story Current Affairs Edition: September 2024 Safety Issues Faced by Women in India:  Deep-Rooted Patriarchal Norms: Indian society is deeply Domestic Violence: rooted in patriarchal traditions that often view women  Physical Abuse: Many women experience physical violence as subordinate to men. This mindset permeates many from intimate partners or family members. This can include aspects of life, leading to the normalization of gender- beatings, assaults, and other forms of physical harm. based violence and discrimination.  Marital Rape: Though illegal in many countries, marital  Victim-Blaming: Women who experience violence rape remains a controversial and often unrecognized often face societal stigma and victim-blaming, which issue in India. discourages them from reporting crimes. This perpetuates Sexual Violence: a cycle of silence and underreporting.  Rape: High-profile cases have drawn attention to the Limited Legal Protection and Justice: prevalence of rape in India, but many cases go unreported  Underreporting of Crimes: Many crimes against women go due to stigma and fear of retaliation. unreported due to fear of social stigma, victim-blaming,  Sexual Assault: Women face sexual assault in public and lack of trust in the justice system. spaces, workplaces, educational institutions, and even  Delayed Justice: Even when crimes are reported, delays in within their own homes. They are susceptible to sexual the judicial process and low conviction rates discourage crime from womb to tomb. women from seeking justice.  Child Sexual Abuse: Girl children are particularly vulnerable  Corruption and Inefficiency: Corruption within law to sexual abuse, often by someone they know. enforcement agencies often leads to compromised Street Harassment (Eve-Teasing): investigations and a lack of accountability.  Verbal Harassment: Catcalling, lewd comments, and  Legal Loopholes: Certain legal provisions, such as marital unwanted advances are common experiences for women rape not being criminalized, leave women vulnerable to in public spaces. violence within their own homes.  Physical Harassment: Unwanted touching or groping in crowded public places like markets, buses, or trains is a Government Initiatives: frequent concern. Legal Reforms:  Stalking: Women often face stalking by strangers or  Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 (Nirbhaya Act): acquaintances, leading to fear and distress. Following the 2012 Delhi gang rape case, this act was Workplace Harassment: introduced to expand the definition of sexual offenses,  Sexual Harassment: Despite laws like the Sexual increase penalties, and introduce new crimes like acid Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, attacks, stalking, and voyeurism. It also made provisions Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013, many women face for faster trials and stricter punishment for offenders. harassment at work, including inappropriate comments,  Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: advances, and coercion. This act provides a legal framework to protect women from  Discrimination: Gender-based discrimination in hiring, domestic violence, including physical, emotional, sexual, promotions, and pay creates a hostile work environment and economic abuse. It also offers protection orders, for many women. residence orders, and financial assistance to victims. Cyber Harassment:  Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention,  Revenge: Non-consensual sharing of intimate images or Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013: Commonly known videos is a growing issue, causing severe psychological as the POSH Act, this law mandates the establishment trauma to victims. of Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) in workplaces  Online Abuse: Women often face abuse on social media to address complaints of sexual harassment, ensuring a platforms, including threats of violence, hate speech, safer working environment for women. and trolling. For e.g. A Woman in the US claims she was Policing and Law Enforcement Initiatives: virtually ‘groped’ in Meta’s VR metaverse.  One Stop Centres (OSCs): Also known as Sakhi Centres, Cultural Practices: these centers provide integrated services, including  Honor Killings: In some regions, women who are perceived medical aid, police assistance, legal aid, psychological to have brought dishonor to their families (e.g., by choosing counseling, and temporary shelter, all under one roof for their own partners) may face violence or even death. women affected by violence.  Dowry-Related Violence: Despite being illegal, the practice  Women's Helpline (181): A nationwide toll-free helpline that of dowry continues, and women who cannot meet dowry provides 24/7 emergency response services for women in demands are often subjected to violence, including dowry distress, offering immediate assistance and linking them deaths. to relevant authorities. 7  Current Affairs Cover Story Edition: September 2024  Bharosa Centres: These are comprehensive support Implications of Unsafe Environment for Women in centers in various states that offer counseling, medical, India: legal, and shelter support to women and children who are Psychological and Emotional Impact: victims of violence.  Trauma and Mental Health Issues: Women who experience Public Awareness Campaigns: violence or harassment often suffer from long-term  Beti Bachao Beti Padhao: This campaign aims to address psychological trauma, including depression, anxiety, and issues of gender discrimination and promote the education Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This can severely of girl children. impact their quality of life and ability to function in daily  It focuses on changing societal attitudes toward girls activities. and improving their status through education and  Fear and Anxiety: The constant fear of harassment or empowerment. violence can lead to chronic anxiety, limiting women’s  Nirbhaya Fund: Established in 2013, this fund is dedicated freedom of movement and ability to participate in public life. to supporting initiatives that enhance the safety and  Loss of Self-Esteem: Experiencing or even fearing violence security of women in India. can diminish women’s self-esteem and confidence,  Projects under this fund include the establishment of affecting their personal and professional lives. OSCs, creation of women’s helplines, and funding of Social and Cultural Implications: technological solutions like panic buttons on mobile  Perpetuation of Gender Inequality: An unsafe environment phones and GPS tracking in public transport. reinforces patriarchal norms and gender stereotypes, Technological and Infrastructure Measures: perpetuating gender inequality. It normalizes the  Safe City Project: Launched in several cities, this initiative subordination of women and limits their roles in society. aims to create safer urban spaces for women by  Social Isolation: Women may become socially isolated as improving infrastructure, installing CCTV cameras, setting they avoid public spaces, social gatherings, or educational up emergency response systems, and ensuring the and work opportunities due to safety concerns.  Impact on Families: Violence against women also affects presence of women police officers in public places. families, particularly children, who may witness domestic  Panic Buttons in Public Transport: Under the Nirbhaya violence or suffer the consequences of a mother or sister Fund, public transport vehicles, including buses and taxis, being harmed. This can perpetuate cycles of violence and are mandated to have panic buttons linked to emergency trauma across generations. response systems, ensuring immediate help in case of Economic Implications: harassment or assault.  Reduced Workforce Participation: Fear of violence or  GPS Tracking: To improve the safety of women in public harassment can deter women from participating in the transport, vehicles in several cities are equipped with GPS workforce, leading to lower female labor force participation tracking, allowing authorities to monitor and respond to rates. any distress situations effectively.  This not only limits women’s economic independence Social and Economic Empowerment Programs: but also hampers overall economic growth.  Mahila Shakti Kendra: This scheme aims to empower rural  Loss of Productivity: Women who are victims of violence women through community participation. or harassment may be unable to work or may be less  It provides training in legal rights, financial literacy, productive due to psychological distress, resulting in and skill development, helping women to be more self- economic losses for businesses and the broader economy. reliant and aware of their rights.  Healthcare Costs: Addressing the physical and  Ujjwala Scheme: This scheme aims to prevent trafficking psychological consequences of violence against women of women and children and rehabilitate victims by requires significant healthcare resources. providing them with safe shelters, vocational training,  The cost of treating injuries, mental health issues, and and legal aid. long-term disabilities adds to the economic burden on National Database on Sexual Offenders (NDSO) (2018): families and the healthcare system.  Purpose: To track and monitor convicted sexual offenders Educational Implications: across the country.  Hindrance to Girls’ Education: Safety concerns often lead  Usage: This database is accessible only to law enforcement to girls being withdrawn from school, especially in rural agencies and is intended to help in preventing sexual areas. Parents may fear for their daughters’ safety during offenses by identifying and tracking repeat offenders. commutes or at school, leading to higher dropout rates. 8  Cover Story Current Affairs Edition: September 2024 FACTS RELATED TO WOMEN SAFETY IN INDIA National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) Data: Mobility Restrictions: A 2019 survey by ActionAid India found Crimes against Women: NCRB 2023 Report highlights an that 79% of women reported feeling unsafe in public spaces, alarming rise in crimes against women in India, with a 4% especially during the evening and night, leading many to increase in 2022. avoid certain areas or limit their movements.  Over 4.45 lakh cases were reported, marking a significant rise from previous years. Violence Against Marginalized Women: Dalit women are particularly vulnerable to violence, including  The most common crimes include cruelty by husbands or relatives (31.4%), kidnapping and abduction (19.2%), sexual violence used as a tool of oppression. assault with intent to outrage modesty (18.7%), and rape A 2018 study by Human Rights Watch highlighted the high (7. 1%). incidence of rape and other forms of violence against Dalit Rape Cases: In 2021, NCRB reported over 31, 677 cases of women, often perpetrated with impunity. rape, with an average of 86 cases reported daily. Impact of COVID-19:  Most of the victims knew their assailants, with During the COVID-19 lockdowns, there was a significant acquaintances, neighbors, and family members being the increase in domestic violence cases. primary perpetrators. The National Commission for Women (NCW) reported 2. 5 Dowry Deaths: There were 6, 910 reported cases of dowry times increase in complaints of domestic violence in 2020 deaths in 2021, reflecting the ongoing issue of dowry-related compared to pre-pandemic levels. violence despite legal prohibitions. Global Comparisons: Gender-Based Violence: Global Gender Gap Index: In the 2023 World Economic Sexual Harassment: According to NCRB data, there were 14, Forum’s Global Gender Gap Index, India ranked 127th out 192 cases of sexual harassment in 2021. of 146 countries, reflecting significant gender inequality, Acid Attacks: In 2021, 176 cases of acid attacks were reported; particularly in the areas of economic participation and a heinous crime that often leaves victims with lifelong physical political empowerment. and psychological scars. Women, Peace, and Security Index 2021-22: India ranked 148th Workplace Harassment: out of 170 countries. A 2017 survey by the Indian National Bar Association found Legal and Judicial Data: that 38% of women had faced harassment at the workplace, Conviction Rates: Conviction rates for crimes against women though most did not report it due to fear of retaliation or loss remain low. of employment.  In 2021, the conviction rate for rape cases was Cybercrime against Women: around 30%, indicating challenges in the judicial The NCRB reported 10, 405 cases of cybercrime against process, including delays, lack of evidence, and victim women in 2021, including cyberstalking, online harassment, intimidation. and revenge porn. Pendency of Cases: As of 2021, over 50% of cases related With the increasing use of digital platforms, cybercrimes to crimes against women were pending in Indian courts, against women are on the rise. contributing to delays in justice. Public Perception and Fear: Survey Findings: Safety Perception: A 2018 survey by Thomson Reuters ranked NFHS-5 (2019-21): The National Family Health Survey India as the most dangerous country for women, based (NFHS-5) indicated that 29. 3% of women aged 18-49 have on expert perceptions regarding sexual violence, human experienced physical violence since the age of 15, and 5. 2% trafficking, and cultural practices. have experienced sexual violence. 9  Current Affairs Cover Story Edition: September 2024  Impact on Academic Performance: Girls who face school curriculums from an early age to challenge and harassment or live in fear of violence may experience change patriarchal attitudes. anxiety and stress, affecting their concentration and  Public Awareness Campaigns: Launch sustained public academic performance. awareness campaigns to educate both men and women  Barrier to Higher Education: Women may be discouraged about gender equality, the importance of respecting from pursuing higher education or professional courses women’s rights, and the legal consequences of gender- if they perceive educational institutions as unsafe based violence. environments. Empowerment and Economic Independence:  This limits their career opportunities and contributes to  Women’s Economic Empowerment: Promote women’s the gender gap in various fields. economic independence through vocational training,  Barrier to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): An entrepreneurship programs, and access to financial unsafe environment for women hinders the achievement resources. of several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),  Economic empowerment can reduce women’s particularly those related to gender equality, health, vulnerability to violence and give them the means to education, and economic growth. leave abusive situations. Impact on National Image and Tourism:  Support for Survivors: Provide comprehensive support  Negative International Perception: Countries where services for survivors of violence, including counseling, women’s safety is a significant issue may suffer from legal aid, medical care, and safe shelters. a negative international image, affecting diplomatic  Rehabilitation programs should focus on helping relations and global standing. survivors rebuild their lives.  Impact on Tourism: Safety concerns can deter tourists, Infrastructure and Safe Public Spaces: particularly solo female travelers, from visiting India,  Safe Public Transportation: Improve the safety of public negatively impacting the tourism industry, which is a transportation by installing surveillance cameras, significant source of revenue for the country. increasing police patrols, and training transport staff to handle incidents of harassment. Way Forward:  Emergency Helplines and Apps: Ensure that emergency Legal Reforms and Enforcement: helplines (like 181) and safety apps are well-publicized,  Strengthening Existing Laws: Ensure that laws protecting accessible, and responsive. women, such as those against domestic violence, sexual  Increase public awareness of these resources and harassment, and rape, are effectively implemented. improve their integration with law enforcement for quick Amend laws to close gaps, such as the non-criminalization action. of marital rape. Strengthening Institutions:  Fast-Track Courts: Establish more fast-track courts to  Women’s Commissions and Ombudsmen: Strengthen the expedite cases of gender-based violence, ensuring swift functioning of national and state women’s commissions, justice and reducing the trauma of prolonged legal battles. giving them more power and resources to address  Accountability Mechanisms: Introduce strict accountability complaints, conduct inquiries, and recommend actions. measures for law enforcement agencies to ensure that  Corporate Responsibility: Encourage businesses and they handle cases of violence against women with the employers to take responsibility for women’s safety, both seriousness and sensitivity they deserve. in the workplace and in surrounding areas. Implement Police and Judicial Reforms: strict workplace harassment policies and provide training  Women Police Officers: Increase the recruitment and on gender sensitivity. presence of women in police forces and in leadership Partnerships and Collaboration: positions to ensure that women feel more comfortable  Collaboration with NGOs and Civil Society: Strengthen reporting crimes. partnerships with non-governmental organizations  Specialized Units: Expand the presence of specialized (NGOs) and civil society groups that work on women’s police units like SHE Teams, Anti-Romeo Squads, and rights and safety. women-only police stations to handle cases of violence  These organizations can play a crucial role in advocacy, and harassment more effectively. support services, and community engagement. Education and Awareness:  International Cooperation: Collaborate with international  Gender Sensitization in Schools: Integrate gender organizations and other countries to share best practices, sensitization and awareness about women’s rights into resources, and strategies for ensuring women’s safety. 10  COVER STORY Cover Story Current Affairs Edition: September 2024 REGIME CHANGE IN BANGLADESH Recent exit of Bangladesh’s Prime Minister from power could jeopardize India-Bangladesh relationships and affect growing trade ties, restricting the movement of people and goods etc. between the two countries. Factors Behind Sheikh Hasina’s Departure: India-Bangladesh Relations under Sheikh Hasina’s Nationwide Movement Triggered by Student Protests: What Regime: began as a peaceful student protest against the 30% civil Eradication of Anti-India Terror Groups: Under Sheikh Hasina's service reservation for freedom fighters escalated into a leadership, anti-India terror groups and their supporter, nationwide movement due to the government's harsh response. Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh, which had operated from safe  The situation worsened when the Awami League's student havens in Bangladesh during the BNP-Jamaat rule from wing, Bangladesh Chhatra League, attacked protesters, 2001-2006, were eradicated following her return to power. and the government imposed a strict curfew with a 'shoot- on-sight' order. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION  Labeling the demonstrators as 'Razakars'—a term The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) and the Awami historically associated with collaborators during the 1971 League are the two major political parties in Bangladesh. war—further heightened tensions. The BNP, founded by Ziaur Rahman, advocates for nationalist policies, while the Awami League, led by ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Sheikh Hasina, is rooted in secularism and was pivotal in In Indian Context,the Razakars were a volunteer militia in Bangladesh's independence movement in 1971. the princely state of Hyderabad, established to defend the BNP is considered as anti-India and Awami League is Nizam's rule and resist Hyderabad's integration into India. considered as Pro-India. They were considered as the ‘Anti-integration Militia’ of erstwhile Princely state of Hyderabad. Growth in Bilateral Trade: Bilateral trade between India and Bangladesh flourished during Sheikh Hasina’s regime. Economic Slowdown: Under Sheikh Hasina’s leadership,  In FY 2023–24, trade between the two countries reached Bangladesh saw rapid economic growth, with per capita $13 billion, with Bangladesh becoming India’s largest income tripling over a decade and over 25 million people trade partner in the subcontinent, while India emerged as lifted out of poverty according to World Bank estimates. Bangladesh’s second-largest trade partner in Asia, after  However, the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and China. subsequent global economic slowdown severely impacted  India has offered duty-free quota access to Bangladesh the garment industry, leading to rising unemployment, on all tariff lines except tobacco and alcohol under the inflation, and growing public discontent. South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) since 2011. Erosion of Democratic Values: The parliamentary elections in Enhanced Connectivity Projects: A number of infrastructure 2014, 2018, and 2024 were marred by controversy, low voter and connectivity projects were developed between India and turnout, violence, and boycotts by opposition parties, raising Bangladesh during Sheikh Hasina’s tenure, including: concerns about the erosion of democratic values in Bangladesh.  The inauguration of the Akhaura-Agartala cross-border rail Reliance on Hard Power: To maintain control, Hasina’s link and the Khulna-Mongla Port rail line in November 2023. government increasingly relied on hard power, fostering a  Five operational bus routes connecting Kolkata, Agartala, climate of fear and repression. and Guwahati to Dhaka.  For instance, the Digital Security Act of 2018 became a tool  An agreement allowing the use of Chittagong and Mongla for the government and ruling party activists to silence ports to facilitate cargo movement between mainland critics and curb freedom of online expression. India and the Northeast. Rising Economic Inequality: Despite overall economic  India's extension of three lines of credit to Bangladesh progress, public discontent grew due to increasing economic since 2016, amounting to $8 billion, for the development inequality, fueled by bank scams, a growing list of loan of road, rail, shipping, and port infrastructure. defaulters, and rampant corruption. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Discussions: During Sheikh  Notable examples include companies like CLC Power, Hasina’s regime, India and Bangladesh initiated negotiations Western Marine Shipyard, and Remex Footwear, which for a FTA. The proposed FTA would reduce or eliminate topped the list of defaulters with bad loans ranging from customs duties on goods traded between the two countries 965 crore to 1,649 crore Bangladeshi Taka. and simplify norms to further promote trade and investment. 11  Current Affairs Cover Story Edition: September 2024 Land Boundary Agreement (2015): India and Bangladesh Impact on Connectivity Projects: Ongoing and planned resolved a major long-standing dispute by swapping connectivity projects, such as the Akhaura-Agartala rail link disputed enclaves and allowing residents to choose their and the use of Chittagong and Mongla ports, may face delays country of residence, marking a significant milestone in their or complications if the new leadership alters priorities or relationship. policies. Energy Cooperation: Energy collaboration between India Stalling of Free Trade Agreement (FTA): Negotiations for a and Bangladesh deepened during Sheikh Hasina’s tenure. Free Trade Agreement could stall or face setbacks under Bangladesh now imports nearly 2,000 megawatts of electricity new leadership, affecting the potential reduction of customs from India. duties and simplification of trade norms between the two  Additionally, the India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline, countries. connecting Siliguri in West Bengal and Parbatipur in Potential Changes in Immigration Policies: The movement of people, including medical tourists and other travelers, might Bangladesh, will transport one million Metric Tonnes Per be restricted or altered, affecting India’s medical tourism Annum (MMTPA) of high-speed diesel to Bangladesh. revenue and regional tourism dynamics. Defence Cooperation: The India-Bangladesh border, spanning 4,096.7 km, is the longest land boundary India shares with INDIA’S APPROACH TO any neighbor. ADDRESSING THE BANGLADESH CRISIS:  The two countries have enhanced defense cooperation, Cautious and Discreet Engagement: India should exercise conducting joint exercises such as Exercise Sampriti (Army) and Exercise Bongosagar (Navy). caution and discretion in its reactions to the evolving Tourism Sector: Bangladeshis constitute a significant portion situation in Bangladesh. of tourists visiting India. In 2017, the number of tourists from  Maintaining open channels for continued close and Bangladesh surpassed those arriving from Western Europe. mutually beneficial ties is essential, similar to India’s Medical Cooperation: Bangladesh accounts for more than approach with the Maldives under the regime of 35% of India’s international medical patients and contributes Mohamed Muizzu. to over 50% of India’s revenue from medical tourism. Diplomatic Engagement: Maintain open and proactive diplomatic channels with the new Bangladeshi government. Immediate Challenges:  Address any concerns about Sheikh Hasina’s presence Sheikh Hasina’s Presence and Extradition Issues: Sheikh through diplomatic negotiations to prevent escalation. Hasina's presence in India is raising suspicions in Dhaka. Prepare for Political Shifts: Strategize for potential changes  If the new Bangladeshi government requests her extradition, in Bangladesh’s political landscape, including a possible it could lead to further diplomatic complications. BNP return. Build relationships with various political Potential BNP Return to Power: Upcoming elections in factions to ensure stability in bilateral relations regardless Bangladesh might see the BNP regain power. India’s past of the ruling party. experience with the BNP government (2001-2006), which Balance Humanitarian and Diplomatic Concerns: Continue harbored anti-India groups and aligned with China and advocating for the protection of minorities in Bangladesh Pakistan, raises concerns about future relations. while ensuring that such actions are framed diplomatically Concerns Over Minority Protection: Prime Minister Modi’s to avoid perceptions of partisanship. appeal for the protection of Hindus and minorities in  Engage in joint initiatives to support minority rights and Bangladesh, coupled with the establishment of a protection address grievances collaboratively. committee, is perceived as partisan in Dhaka, potentially Strengthen Regional Cooperation: Reinforce regional ties straining bilateral relations. Risk of Increased Regional Instability: Political changes in through economic and security cooperation. Bangladesh could lead to regional instability, which may  Enhance collaborative projects and trade agreements indirectly affect India’s security interests and its strategic to build resilience against potential political shifts and position in South Asia. strengthen regional stability. Disruption of Trade Ties: Sheikh Hasina’s departure could Monitor and Adapt: Closely monitor the evolving political impact the robust trade relations between India and situation in Bangladesh and adapt policies and strategies Bangladesh, potentially disrupting the $13 billion bilateral accordingly. trade and affecting India’s position as Bangladesh’s second-  Prepare contingency plans to address potential largest trade partner in Asia. diplomatic, economic, and security challenges. 12  Cover Story Current Affairs Edition: September 2024 Significance of India-Bangladesh Relation:  Agartala-Akhaura Rail Link: 12.24 km project connecting Historical and Cultural Links: Tripura (Agartala) with Bangladesh (Akhaura).  India was one of the first countries to recognize Bangladesh Defence Cooperation: and establish diplomatic relations immediately after its  Joint Exercises: Exercise Sampriti (between Army) and independence in December 1971. Exercise Milan (Navy).  The national anthems of both India and Bangladesh have  Around $8 billion Line of Credit (LoC) has been extended been taken from Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore's to Bangladesh, including $500 million for defense-related works. procurement from India.  Cultural exchanges such as Yoga, Kathak, Manipuri dance, Hindi and Bengali languages, and Hindustani classical Broader Challenges: Teesta Water Dispute: The Teesta River flows through Sikkim, music promote people-to-people contacts. West Bengal, and merges with the Brahmaputra in Assam and Geopolitical Significance: the Jamuna in Bangladesh. In 2011, a proposed agreement  Bangladesh provides India with strategic access to the Bay suggested that India would receive 42.5% of Teesta's water, of Bengal and reinforces its strategic position in the Indian while Bangladesh would receive 37.5%. The dispute is still Ocean. unresolved and is regarded as a litmus test for the bilateral  Bangladesh is considered a gateway to Southeast Asia. relations.  India and Bangladesh share a long land border, and Porous Border: A porous border allows for easy and maintaining stability in the region is important to check unauthorized movement of people, goods, or information insurgent activities and smuggling. across it. This leads to illegal migration from Bangladesh to  India-Bangladesh relations serve as a geopolitical India, straining bilateral relations. Additionally, it facilitates counterbalance to China's influence in the region, large-scale gold and cattle smuggling. countering China’s encirclement of India. Rohingya Issue: The Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar  Joint efforts can address common challenges, fostering has faced persecution, causing many to flee to neighboring a positive geopolitical environment in the region. countries, including Bangladesh. Bangladesh seeks Collaborations in regional forums like BIMSTEC help international support, including from India, to address the stabilize India’s neighborhood. refugee crisis.  Land Boundary Agreement (LBA): The historic 100th Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019: This act allows migrants Constitutional Amendment Act of 2015 resolved the un- from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh belonging to demarcated land boundary dispute between the two Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian communities countries. till 2014 to gain Indian citizenship.  Facilitated the transfer of 111 enclaves from India to  There are apprehensions that Indian Muslims might flee to Bangladesh, and India received 51 enclaves in return. Bangladesh fearing detention, which raises concerns in  Joint River Commission (JRC): India and Bangladesh share Bangladesh about an increased influx of migrants. 54 common rivers. JRC has been working since June 1972 China’s Influence: Bangladesh is a key part of China’s Belt and to maintain liaison between the two countries to maximize Road Initiative and is alleged to be part of China’s “String of benefits from common river systems. Pearls” strategy. This concept refers to China's strategic naval Geo-economic Links: presence in the Indian Ocean through a network of military  Bangladesh is India’s biggest trade partner in South bases and ports, perceived as an attempt to encircle India. Asia, and India is the second biggest trade partner of Bangladesh in Asia. Way Forward:  India is Bangladesh's largest export destination in Asia, Collaborative Approach: Prioritize technical and diplomatic with approx USD 2 billion of Bangladeshi exports to India discussions to find a mutually beneficial solution, involving in FY 2022-23. In FY 2022-23, the total bilateral trade has both national and state-level stakeholders. been reported as USD 15.9 billion. Enhanced Border Security: Strengthen border infrastructure Connectivity: and surveillance to reduce illegal activities and unauthorized  Passenger Terminal Building: For modernization of movement. border infrastructure and strengthening of cross-border Humanitarian Assistance: Provide continued humanitarian connectivity, it was inaugurated at Integrated Check Post support to Bangladesh for Rohingya refugees and work (ICP) Petrapole in 2021. diplomatically with Myanmar for safe repatriation.  Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) MOU for an Reassurance and Dialogue: Engage in dialogue with Bangladesh integrated and seamless road and rail network for easy to address concerns and reassure that the Citizenship movement of goods and passengers across the region. Amendment Act, 2019 is not intended to harm bilateral relations. 13  Current Affairs COVER STORY Cover Story Edition: September 2024 SUB CLASSIFICATION OF SC/STS The seven-judge bench, led by Chief Justice DY Chandrachud, ruled by a 6: 1 majority that states are permitted to create sub-classifications within SCs and STs for the purpose of reservations. 2024 Verdict: Article 46: Directs the State to promote with special care This decision overturned the 2004 judgment in the EV Chinnaiah the educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and v. State of Andhra Pradesh case, which had previously declared other weaker sections and to protect them from social such sub-classifications impermissible. injustice and all forms of exploitation. Supreme Court Verdict: The Supreme Court delivered a Article 244: Provides for the administration of Scheduled landmark verdict, allowing for the sub-classification of Areas and Tribal Areas. The Fifth and Sixth Schedules of SCs and STs. The Court held that sub-classification was the Constitution provide for the administration and control permissible to ensure that affirmative action benefits reached of these areas. the most disadvantaged sections within these communities. Article 330 and Article 332: Guidelines for Implementation: The Court laid down guidelines  Article 330: Provides for the reservation of seats for SCs for implementing sub-classification, emphasizing the need for and STs in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). data-driven policies, legislative action, and regular monitoring  Article 332: Provides for the reservation of seats for SCs to ensure equity and justice. and STs in the Legislative Assemblies of the States. Article 338 and Article 338A: Post-Verdict Developments:  Article 338: Establishes the National Commission for Legislative and Policy Actions: Following the verdict, the Scheduled Castes to investigate and monitor all matters central and state governments began working on legislative relating to the constitutional and other legal safeguards and policy measures to implement sub-classification. for SCs. Stakeholder Engagement: Extensive consultations were  Article 338A: Establishes the National Commission for held with community groups, experts, and civil society Scheduled Tribes with similar functions for STs. organizations to develop an inclusive and effective framework for sub-classification. Key Data: Monitoring and Evaluation: Mechanisms were put in place Population: According to the 2011 Census, Scheduled for regular monitoring and evaluation to assess the impact of Castes constitute about 16. 6% of India's total population, sub-classification and make necessary adjustments. while Scheduled Tribes constitute about 8. 6%. Reservation in Education and Employment: In educational FACTS RELATED TO SCs AND STs institutions and public sector employment, reservations are provided as follows: Constitutional Provisions:  SCs: 15% reservation. Article 341 and Article 342:  STs: 7. 5% reservation.  Article 341: Defines Scheduled Castes. The President may specify the castes, races, or tribes or parts of or Key Highlights of Verdict: groups within castes, races, or tribes which shall be Legal and Constitutional Clarity: deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State  Overturning Previous Rulings: The 2024 verdict overruled or Union Territory. the 2004 EV Chinnaiah judgment, which had prohibited  Article 342: Defines Scheduled Tribes. The President sub-classification. This provides a new legal foundation for may specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of states to implement sub-classification within SCs and STs. or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall  Constitutional Interpretation: The ruling clarifies that sub- be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to that classification aligns with the principles of substantive State or Union Territory. equality and social justice enshrined in the Indian Article 15(4) and 16(4): Constitution, ensuring that affirmative action policies are  Article 15(4): Enables the State to make special provisions more effective and equitable for the advancement of any socially and educationally Enhanced Social Justice and Equity: backward classes of citizens or for SCs and STs.  Targeted Benefits: By allowing sub-classification, the Court  Article 16(4): Provides for reservation in appointments ensures that the most marginalized sub-groups within SCs or posts in favor of any backward class of citizens and STs can access reservation benefits. This addresses which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately the issue of more advanced sub-groups cornering the represented in the services under the State. benefits, thus promoting equitable distribution 14  Cover Story Current Affairs Edition: September 2024  Historical Redress: The decision acknowledges and seeks  Reservations in Education and Employment: Over to rectify historical and intra-community disparities, the decades, the government implemented various providing support to those who have been most reservation policies in education, employment, and disadvantaged within the broader SC and ST categories political representation for SCs and STs. Policy and Administrative Implications: 1980s-1990s:  Guidance for State Governments: States now have clear  Growing Disparities: As affirmative action policies were judicial backing to implement sub-classification in implemented, it became evident that benefits were not their reservation policies, leading to more targeted and equitably distributed within SC/ST communities. Some effective affirmative action measures. sub-groups within these communities were seen as  Data-Driven Policies: The requirement for sub-classification cornering a larger share of the benefits. to be based on "quantifiable and demonstrable data"  Initial Proposals for Sub-Classification: Policymakers and ensures that policies are evidence-based and justified, scholars began to propose sub-classification within promoting transparency and accountability SCs and STs to ensure more equitable distribution of Political and Social Impact: benefits.  Influence on Political Dynamics: The verdict may influence Legal and Political Developments: political strategies and dynamics, as political parties may 1990s-2000s: adjust their approaches to gain support from various sub-  State-Level Initiatives: Some states, notably Andhra groups within SCs and STs. This could lead to a more Pradesh, attempted to introduce sub-classification nuanced approach to caste-based politics. within SCs to address intra-group disparities. These  Encouraging Inclusive Growth: By ensuring that all sub- measures faced legal challenges and were often struck groups within SCs and STs benefit from reservations, the down by the courts. verdict promotes inclusive social and economic growth,  Political Mobilization: Various sub-groups within SCs contributing to overall societal development and STs began to mobilize politically, demanding more equitable distribution of affirmative action benefits. Judicial Precedent and Future Implications: 2000s-2010s:  Setting a Precedent: The ruling sets a significant judicial  Court Cases and Judicial Pronouncements: Several cases precedent for future cases related to reservations and challenging state-level sub-classification policies sub-classification, providing a clear legal framework for reached the higher judiciary. The courts generally held addressing similar issues that sub-classification within SCs and STs was not  Framework for Review: The verdict establishes a framework permissible under the Constitution as it stood. for judicial review of state policies on sub-classification,  Legal Precedents: Key judgments, such as the E V ensuring that such policies are implemented fairly and justly. Chinnaiah case (2005), ruled that states did not have Challenges and Criticisms Addressed: the power to further sub-divide SC/ST communities for  Balancing Unity and Diversity: While there are concerns the purpose of reservations. about fragmentation within SC and ST communities, the Committees formed for Sub-categorisation of SCs/ ruling emphasizes that sub-classification aims to address STs/OBCs: real disparities and promote unity by ensuring that all Justice Usha Mehra Commission (2007): sections receive due support.  Objective: The commission was set up to examine  Preventing Political Manipulation: By requiring sub- the status of SCs in different states and recommend classification to be based on empirical data and subject measures for equitable distribution of benefits. to judicial review, the verdict seeks to prevent arbitrary or  Findings: The commission highlighted significant politically motivated decisions, thereby safeguarding the disparities within the SC community and suggested integrity of affirmative action policies the need for sub-categorization to ensure that benefits reach the most marginalized sections. BACKGROUND OF THE COURT CASE Justice Raghunath Rao Committee (2008): Early Debates and Initial Attempts:  Objective: Formed by the Andhra Pradesh government, 1950s-1980s: the committee's purpose was to analyze the status of  Constitutional Provisions: The Constitution of India, different sub-castes within the SC category in the state. enacted in 1950, included provisions for affirmative  Recommendations: It recommended the sub- action for SCs and STs to address historical injustices classification of SCs in Andhra Pradesh to ensure a fair and discrimination. distribution of reservation benefits. 15  Current Affairs Cover Story Edition: September 2024  Without strict guidelines and oversight, sub-classification National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) Reports: could become arbitrary, favoring certain sub-groups  Role: NCSC, a constitutional body, has periodically based on political considerations rather than genuine examined the implementation of reservation policies and socio-economic need. highlighted the need for sub-categorization in its reports.  Recommendations: The NCSC has recommended a Administrative and Implementation Challenges: more nuanced approach to reservations, recognizing Quantifiable Evidence: Ensuring that sub-classification the disparities within SCs. policies are based on quantifiable and demonstrable data is Justice G. Rohini Commission (2017): crucial. This requires comprehensive socio-economic surveys  Objective: The commission was established by the and continuous monitoring, which can strain administrative central government to examine the issue of sub- capacities. categorization within Other Backward Classes (OBCs) Implementation Complexity: States need adequate resources to but its work has relevance for SCs and STs as well. implement sub-classification effectively. This includes financial  Progress: Although its primary focus was on OBCs, resources for data collection, analysis, and monitoring, as well as training and capacity building for administrative staff. the findings and recommendations of the Rohini Commission have informed the broader discourse on Socio-Economic Impact: sub-categorization. Balancing Act: National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) Reports:  Equity vs. Unity: While sub-classification aims to promote  Role: Although primarily focused on OBCs, the NCBC equity within SCs and STs, it must balance this with the has periodically examined issues related to intra-group need to maintain unity and avoid further marginalization of disparities and the need for sub-categorization within already vulnerable groups. backward classes, including SCs and STs.  Long-Term Impact: The long-term impact of sub-  Recommendations: The NCBC has highlighted the classification on social mobility and economic importance of data-driven policies and regular empowerment of SCs and STs needs careful evaluation monitoring to ensure equitable distribution of benefits. to ensure that it achieves its intended goals without unintended negative consequences. Possible Challenges: Way Forward: Legal and Constitutional Challenges: Legislative Action: The government may need to introduce Constitutional Ambiguities: Critics argue that sub- new legislation or amend existing laws to implement the classification by states could violate Articles 341 and 342 of Supreme Court's directives. This could include: the Constitution, which grant the President the authority to  Defining Criteria for Sub-Classification: Establishing specify SCs and STs, subject to parliamentary approval. This clear and objective criteria for sub-classifying SC/ raises questions about the constitutional validity of state-level ST communities based on socio-economic status, sub-classifications educational attainment, or other relevant factors. Judicial Inconsistency: The Supreme Court's 2004 EV  Ensuring Equitable Distribution: Creating policies to Chinnaiah ruling declared sub-classification impermissible. ensure that benefits are equitably distributed among sub- The 2024 verdict overturned this, creating potential legal categories within SC/ST communities to address intra- inconsistencies and challenges in interpreting past and group disparities. future judgments. Constitutional Amendments: If required, the government Social and Political Challenges: might consider constitutional amendments to provide a clear Intra-Community Tensions: Sub-classification could framework for sub-classification, ensuring it aligns with the exacerbate existing divisions within SC and ST communities, broader objectives of social justice and equality enshrined in leading to increased intra-community tensions and weakening the Constitution. collective solidarity. Data Collection and Analysis: Accurate data collection and  More advanced sub-groups within SCs and STs might analysis will be crucial for effective implementation: perceive sub-classification as unfair, leading to social  Comprehensive Surveys: Conducting detailed socio- unrest and resistance against the new policies. economic surveys to identify disparities within SC/ST Political Manipulation: There is a risk that sub-classification communities. could be used by political parties for electoral gains, leading  Regular Monitoring: Establishing mechanisms for regular to policies that are politically rather than socially driven. This monitoring and evaluation to assess the impact of sub- could undermine the primary goal of achieving social justice. classification and make necessary adjustments. 16  COVER STORY Cover Story Current Affairs Edition: September 2024 LATERAL ENTRY INTO CIVIL SERVICES In August 2024, the UPSC advertised 45 posts for lateral entry, the largest such recruitment drive to date. However, the process has faced criticism, particularly regarding the lack of reservation for SC, ST, and OBC candidates. About: Administrative Reforms and Reports: In response to political pressures, the government requested  Kothari Commission (1976): The Kothari Commission the cancellation of this recruitment drive, highlighting the on Recruitment Policy and Selection Methods first ongoing debate around the fairness and transparency of the highlighted the need for lateral recruitment at the middle lateral entry process. and senior levels in the civil services to introduce fresh Meaning of Lateral entry into civil services it refers to the blood and expertise. recruitment of professionals from the private sector, academia, or other non-governmental sectors directly into  However, this recommendation did not gain much middle and senior-level positions in government ministries traction at that time. and departments.  Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2005-2009):  This approach is different from the traditional recruitment The 2nd ARC, chaired by Veerappa Moily, strongly process, which typically involves entry through competitive advocated for lateral entry as part of its broader examinations like the Civil Services Examination conducted recommendations to reform the civil services. by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) in India.  The commission emphasized that lateral entry could bring in expertise, break the monopoly of career HISTORICAL CONTEXT bureaucrats, and ensure that the administration kept Early Post-Independence Period: pace with the changing socio-economic realities.  Dominance of Generalists: After independence in 1947, Initial Attempts and Challenges: India inherited the British system of administration, which  1990s and 2000s: There were sporadic attempts at primarily relied on a generalist cadre of civil servants. introducing lateral entry, particularly through the  The Indian Administrative Service (IAS), along with appointment of technocrats and professionals in other allied services, became the backbone of the advisory roles. Indian bureaucracy.  However, these were limited and often faced  These officers were recruited through the Union Public resistance from within the bureaucracy due to Service Commission (UPSC) and were expected to concerns over turf, hierarchy, and the perceived serve in various capacities across different domains, undermining of the traditional system. often without specialized training in specific sectors. Formal Introduction of Lateral Entry: Need for Specialization:  Economic Reforms of the 1990s: With the economic  Narendra Modi Government (2014 onwards): The idea liberalization policies of the 1990s, India experienced of lateral entry gained significant momentum under rapid changes in its economic landscape. the Modi government, which was keen on modernizing  The government began to recognize that the the bureaucracy as part of its "Minimum Government, traditional generalist approach of the civil services Maximum Governance" agenda. was inadequate to handle the complexities of a  In 2018, the Department of Personnel and Training liberalized and globalized economy. (DoPT) officially invited applications for lateral entry  There was a growing recognition of the need for at the Joint Secretary level, marking a significant shift domain experts, particularly in areas like finance, in policy. infrastructure, technology, and social development. Current Scenario and Future Prospects:  International Influence: During this period, India also  Institutionalization of Lateral Entry: Since 2018, began to look at international examples where lateral entry there have been multiple rounds of lateral entry, of experts into government roles was a common practice. with professionals from diverse b