CRAT Exam Flashcards: Cardiovascular Terms
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for heart rate?

  • Systole
  • Chronotropic (correct)
  • Dromotropic
  • Inotropic
  • What does Inotropic relate to?

  • Force of myocardial contractility (correct)
  • Ventricular relaxation
  • Heart rate
  • Conduction velocity through the AV node
  • What does Dromotropic refer to?

  • Force of myocardial contractility
  • Heart rate
  • Ventricular relaxation
  • Conduction velocity through the AV node (correct)
  • What is called when a chamber contracts and blood is ejected?

    <p>Systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for rest or relaxation of the chamber?

    <p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Stroke Volume?

    <p>The amount of blood the left ventricle pumps in each beat (mL/beat)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Cardiac Output refer to?

    <p>The amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute (mL/min)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An increase in potassium or decrease in calcium causes the heart to be _____.

    <p>flaccid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excess calcium can cause the heart to be _____.

    <p>spastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Although about 70% of ventricular filling occurs passively, ______ ______ contributes an additional 10% to 30% of blood flow to ventricular filling.

    <p>atrial kick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the area in the middle of the thoracic cavity in which the heart lies called?

    <p>Mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the heart receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus?

    <p>The right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions are potentially reversible?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innermost layer of the heart that lines its inner chambers?

    <p>Endocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A branch of the right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and the right ventricle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main electrolytes that affect cardiac function?

    <p>Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When an ECG machine is properly calibrated, a 1-millivolt (mV) electrical signal will produce a deflection measuring exactly ______ tall.

    <p>ten millimeters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ST segment is measured from...

    <p>The end of the QRS to the beginning of the T wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the positive electrode placed in Lead III?

    <p>Left leg/foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many large boxes on ECG paper represent one second?

    <p>Five large boxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for ventricular escape rhythm?

    <p>Idioventricular Rhythm (IVR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Agonal rhythm?

    <p>IVR with HR &lt; 20 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heart rate for Idioventricular rhythm?

    <p>20-40 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signs and symptoms experienced during a tachydysrhythmia are usually primarily related to:

    <p>Decreased ventricular filling time and stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?

    <p>AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following rhythms originates in the SA node and is commonly phasic with breathing?

    <p>Sinus arrhythmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HR Range: Idioventricular, Acc Idioventricular, and Vtach.

    <p>20-40, 41-100, 101+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HR Range: Junctional, Acc Junctional, and Junctional Tach.

    <p>40-60, 61-100, 101+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intrinsic rate of the SA node?

    <p>60-100 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intrinsic rate of the AV node?

    <p>40-60 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intrinsic rate of Purkinje fibers?

    <p>20-40 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of ventricular tachycardia?

    <p>Monomorphic and Polymorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Torsades de Pointes is a type of ______ ______.

    <p>polymorphic v-tach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of V-fib?

    <p>Rhythm that has no pattern, and waveforms cannot be identified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If R is far from P, what degree of block do you have?

    <p>1st degree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies a Wenckebach (Mobitz 1, 2nd degree type 1) block?

    <p>Longer, longer, longer, drop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If some P's don't get through, then you have a ______.

    <p>Mobitz 2 (2nd degree type 2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If P's and R's don't agree, then you have ______.

    <p>3rd degree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two types of blocks where PR intervals are all identical are?

    <p>1st degree and 2nd degree type 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 3rd-degree block will either be ______ with a narrow QRS or _____ with a wide QRS.

    <p>Junctional or ventricular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ____ pause follows a PAC.

    <p>incomplete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ____ pause follows a PVC.

    <p>complete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a compensatory pause?

    <p>Sinus node timing is not interrupted, and next sinus impulse is conducted on time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a non-compensatory pause?

    <p>SA node resets its timing, and the following P wave may appear earlier than expected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Delta wave refers to the slurred effect of....

    <p>an accessory conduction pathway present between the atria and the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For an irregular heart rate, count the number of QRS complexes over a ______.

    <p>6 second interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are augmented leads?

    <p>(aVR, aVL, aVF) measure positive electrical charges through a single electrode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sinus exit block?

    <p>Block that results in a dropped beat that is a multiple of the P - P interval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is NOT a non-conducted PAC if the P-waves are on time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a bundle branch block?

    <p>Either the left or right ventricles may depolarize late, creating a wide, notched QRS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a third degree AV block?

    <p>Conduction between the atria and the ventricles is totally absent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Ventricular Fibrillation?

    <p>No ventricular depolarization or contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Torsade de Pointes?

    <p>(twisting of points) - polymorphic v-tach that looks like spindles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Multiform refer to?

    <p>PVC's with different shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the QT interval represent?

    <p>Time of ventricular activity, including both depolarization and repolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiac Terminology and Concepts

    • Chronotropic: Refers to the control of heart rate.
    • Inotropic: Relates to the strength of myocardial contractility.
    • Dromotropic: Indicates conduction velocity through the AV node.
    • Systole: The period of contraction in the heart during which blood is ejected from chambers; pressure rises.
    • Diastole: The phase of relaxation allowing chambers to fill with blood; pressure decreases.

    Cardiac Measurements

    • Stroke Volume: Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per heartbeat, measured in mL/beat.
    • Cardiac Output: Volume of blood pumped into the aorta each minute; typical range for a healthy adult is between 4-8 L/min.
    • Cardiac Output Equation: Calculated as (Heart Rate) X (Stroke Volume).
    • Blood Pressure: The force exerted by blood against arterial walls during heart contractions and relaxations.

    Hemodynamics

    • Venous Return: The amount of blood flowing into the right heart from the systemic circulation.
    • Blood Pressure Equation: Expressed as (Cardiac Output) X (Peripheral Resistance).
    • Atrial Kick: Contributes 10% to 30% of blood flow to ventricular filling, in addition to passive filling.

    Heart Structure

    • Mediastinum: The central compartment in the thoracic cavity where the heart is located.
    • Inferior Heart Surface: Formed by the right and left ventricles.
    • Right Atrium: Receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and coronary sinus.
    • Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation.
    • Visceral Pericardium: The inner layer of the pericardium, also known as the epicardium.

    Electrophysiology

    • ST Segment: Measured from the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave.
    • Lead III Positive Electrode: Placed on the left leg/foot.
    • ECG Calibration: A 1-mV signal produces a 10 mm deflection.

    Heart Rhythms and Blocks

    • Tachydysrhythmia Symptoms: Typically associated with decreased ventricular filling time and stroke volume.
    • AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT): The most common form of supraventricular tachycardia.
    • Sinus Arrhythmia: A rhythm originating in the SA node, phasic with breathing.
    • Intrinsic Rates:
      • SA Node: 60-100 bpm
      • AV Node: 40-60 bpm
      • Purkinje Fibers: 20-40 bpm.
    • Ventricular Tachycardia (VTach): Types include monomorphic (same shape) and polymorphic (different shapes).
    • Torsades de Pointes: A specific type of polymorphic VTach resembling spindle shapes.

    AV Block Types

    • 1st Degree Block: Characterized by a consistent PR interval.
    • 2nd Degree Type 1 (Wenckebach): Involves progressive PR interval lengthening followed by a drop.
    • 2nd Degree Type 2 (Mobitz 2): Some P waves do not conduct to the ventricles.
    • 3rd Degree Block: Complete dissociation between atria and ventricles; no consistent PR interval.

    Pauses and Timing

    • PAC (Premature Atrial Contraction): Followed by an incomplete pause; the rhythm resets.
    • PVC (Premature Ventricular Contraction): Followed by a complete pause; intervals before and after are equal.
    • Compensatory Pause: Timing of the sinus node remains intact, allowing subsequent impulses to remain on schedule.
    • Non-compensatory Pause: SA node timing resets, potentially causing subsequent P wave to appear early.

    Cardiac Electrolytes and Effects

    • Main Electrolytes: Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium; crucial for cardiac function.
    • Potassium Effects: An increase leads to the heart becoming flaccid; a decrease in calcium results in lower heart rate.
    • Excess Calcium: Results in spastic, strong contractions.

    Additional Concepts

    • QT Interval: Represents the total time for ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
    • Delta Wave: Indicates an accessory conduction pathway, often seen in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

    Rhythm Characteristics

    • Agonal Rhythm: A form of IVR with a rate less than 20 bpm.
    • Multiform PVCs: Characterized by different shapes of premature contractions.
    • Ventricular Fibrillation: No discernible ventricular depolarization; waveform identification is impossible.

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    Test your knowledge of key cardiovascular terms with our CRAT exam flashcards. Each card provides a critical definition to help you understand concepts such as chronotropic, inotropic, and more. Perfect for students preparing for healthcare exams.

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