CRAT Exam Flashcards: Cardiovascular Terms

Questions and Answers

What is the term for heart rate?

Systole

Chronotropic (correct)

Dromotropic

Inotropic

What does Inotropic relate to?

Force of myocardial contractility (correct)

Ventricular relaxation

Heart rate

Conduction velocity through the AV node

What does Dromotropic refer to?

Force of myocardial contractility

Heart rate

Ventricular relaxation

Conduction velocity through the AV node (correct)

What is called when a chamber contracts and blood is ejected?

Systole Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for rest or relaxation of the chamber?

Diastole Signup and view all the answers

What is Stroke Volume?

The amount of blood the left ventricle pumps in each beat (mL/beat) Signup and view all the answers

What does Cardiac Output refer to?

The amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute (mL/min) Signup and view all the answers

An increase in potassium or decrease in calcium causes the heart to be _____.

flaccid Signup and view all the answers

Excess calcium can cause the heart to be _____.

spastic Signup and view all the answers

Although about 70% of ventricular filling occurs passively, contributes an additional 10% to 30% of blood flow to ventricular filling.

atrial kick Signup and view all the answers

What is the area in the middle of the thoracic cavity in which the heart lies called?

Mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus?

The right atrium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions are potentially reversible?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What is the innermost layer of the heart that lines its inner chambers?

Endocardium Signup and view all the answers

A branch of the right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and the right ventricle.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the main electrolytes that affect cardiac function?

Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium Signup and view all the answers

When an ECG machine is properly calibrated, a 1-millivolt (mV) electrical signal will produce a deflection measuring exactly ______ tall.

ten millimeters Signup and view all the answers

The ST segment is measured from...

The end of the QRS to the beginning of the T wave Signup and view all the answers

Where is the positive electrode placed in Lead III?

Left leg/foot Signup and view all the answers

How many large boxes on ECG paper represent one second?

Five large boxes Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for ventricular escape rhythm?

Idioventricular Rhythm (IVR) Signup and view all the answers

What is Agonal rhythm?

IVR with HR < 20 bpm Signup and view all the answers

What is the heart rate for Idioventricular rhythm?

20-40 bpm Signup and view all the answers

Signs and symptoms experienced during a tachydysrhythmia are usually primarily related to:

Decreased ventricular filling time and stroke volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?

AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following rhythms originates in the SA node and is commonly phasic with breathing?

Sinus arrhythmia Signup and view all the answers

HR Range: Idioventricular, Acc Idioventricular, and Vtach.

20-40, 41-100, 101+ Signup and view all the answers

HR Range: Junctional, Acc Junctional, and Junctional Tach.

40-60, 61-100, 101+ Signup and view all the answers

What is the intrinsic rate of the SA node?

60-100 bpm Signup and view all the answers

What is the intrinsic rate of the AV node?

40-60 bpm Signup and view all the answers

What is the intrinsic rate of Purkinje fibers?

20-40 bpm Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of ventricular tachycardia?

Monomorphic and Polymorphic Signup and view all the answers

Torsades de Pointes is a type of .

polymorphic v-tach Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of V-fib?

Rhythm that has no pattern, and waveforms cannot be identified. Signup and view all the answers

If R is far from P, what degree of block do you have?

1st degree Signup and view all the answers

What signifies a Wenckebach (Mobitz 1, 2nd degree type 1) block?

Longer, longer, longer, drop Signup and view all the answers

If some P's don't get through, then you have a ______.

Mobitz 2 (2nd degree type 2) Signup and view all the answers

If P's and R's don't agree, then you have ______.

3rd degree Signup and view all the answers

The two types of blocks where PR intervals are all identical are?

1st degree and 2nd degree type 2 Signup and view all the answers

A 3rd-degree block will either be __ with a narrow QRS or _ with a wide QRS.

Junctional or ventricular Signup and view all the answers

A ____ pause follows a PAC.

incomplete Signup and view all the answers

A ____ pause follows a PVC.

complete Signup and view all the answers

What is a compensatory pause?

Sinus node timing is not interrupted, and next sinus impulse is conducted on time. Signup and view all the answers

What is a non-compensatory pause?

SA node resets its timing, and the following P wave may appear earlier than expected. Signup and view all the answers

Delta wave refers to the slurred effect of....

an accessory conduction pathway present between the atria and the ventricles Signup and view all the answers

For an irregular heart rate, count the number of QRS complexes over a ______.

6 second interval Signup and view all the answers

What are augmented leads?

(aVR, aVL, aVF) measure positive electrical charges through a single electrode. Signup and view all the answers

What is a sinus exit block?

Block that results in a dropped beat that is a multiple of the P - P interval. Signup and view all the answers

It is NOT a non-conducted PAC if the P-waves are on time.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a bundle branch block?

Either the left or right ventricles may depolarize late, creating a wide, notched QRS. Signup and view all the answers

What is a third degree AV block?

Conduction between the atria and the ventricles is totally absent. Signup and view all the answers

What is Ventricular Fibrillation?

No ventricular depolarization or contraction. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Torsade de Pointes?

(twisting of points) - polymorphic v-tach that looks like spindles. Signup and view all the answers

What does Multiform refer to?

PVC's with different shapes Signup and view all the answers

What does the QT interval represent?

Time of ventricular activity, including both depolarization and repolarization. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiac Terminology and Concepts

Chronotropic: Refers to the control of heart rate.
Inotropic: Relates to the strength of myocardial contractility.
Dromotropic: Indicates conduction velocity through the AV node.
Systole: The period of contraction in the heart during which blood is ejected from chambers; pressure rises.
Diastole: The phase of relaxation allowing chambers to fill with blood; pressure decreases.

Cardiac Measurements

Stroke Volume: Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per heartbeat, measured in mL/beat.
Cardiac Output: Volume of blood pumped into the aorta each minute; typical range for a healthy adult is between 4-8 L/min.
Cardiac Output Equation: Calculated as (Heart Rate) X (Stroke Volume).
Blood Pressure: The force exerted by blood against arterial walls during heart contractions and relaxations.

Hemodynamics

Venous Return: The amount of blood flowing into the right heart from the systemic circulation.
Blood Pressure Equation: Expressed as (Cardiac Output) X (Peripheral Resistance).
Atrial Kick: Contributes 10% to 30% of blood flow to ventricular filling, in addition to passive filling.

Heart Structure

Mediastinum: The central compartment in the thoracic cavity where the heart is located.
Inferior Heart Surface: Formed by the right and left ventricles.
Right Atrium: Receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and coronary sinus.
Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation.
Visceral Pericardium: The inner layer of the pericardium, also known as the epicardium.

Electrophysiology

ST Segment: Measured from the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave.
Lead III Positive Electrode: Placed on the left leg/foot.
ECG Calibration: A 1-mV signal produces a 10 mm deflection.

Heart Rhythms and Blocks

Tachydysrhythmia Symptoms: Typically associated with decreased ventricular filling time and stroke volume.
AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT): The most common form of supraventricular tachycardia.
Sinus Arrhythmia: A rhythm originating in the SA node, phasic with breathing.
Intrinsic Rates:
- SA Node: 60-100 bpm
- AV Node: 40-60 bpm
- Purkinje Fibers: 20-40 bpm.
Ventricular Tachycardia (VTach): Types include monomorphic (same shape) and polymorphic (different shapes).
Torsades de Pointes: A specific type of polymorphic VTach resembling spindle shapes.

AV Block Types

1st Degree Block: Characterized by a consistent PR interval.
2nd Degree Type 1 (Wenckebach): Involves progressive PR interval lengthening followed by a drop.
2nd Degree Type 2 (Mobitz 2): Some P waves do not conduct to the ventricles.
3rd Degree Block: Complete dissociation between atria and ventricles; no consistent PR interval.

Pauses and Timing

PAC (Premature Atrial Contraction): Followed by an incomplete pause; the rhythm resets.
PVC (Premature Ventricular Contraction): Followed by a complete pause; intervals before and after are equal.
Compensatory Pause: Timing of the sinus node remains intact, allowing subsequent impulses to remain on schedule.
Non-compensatory Pause: SA node timing resets, potentially causing subsequent P wave to appear early.

Cardiac Electrolytes and Effects

Main Electrolytes: Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium; crucial for cardiac function.
Potassium Effects: An increase leads to the heart becoming flaccid; a decrease in calcium results in lower heart rate.
Excess Calcium: Results in spastic, strong contractions.

Additional Concepts

QT Interval: Represents the total time for ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
Delta Wave: Indicates an accessory conduction pathway, often seen in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

Rhythm Characteristics

Agonal Rhythm: A form of IVR with a rate less than 20 bpm.
Multiform PVCs: Characterized by different shapes of premature contractions.
Ventricular Fibrillation: No discernible ventricular depolarization; waveform identification is impossible.

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Test your knowledge of key cardiovascular terms with our CRAT exam flashcards. Each card provides a critical definition to help you understand concepts such as chronotropic, inotropic, and more. Perfect for students preparing for healthcare exams.