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Questions and Answers
What is the term for heart rate?
What is the term for heart rate?
- Systole
- Chronotropic (correct)
- Dromotropic
- Inotropic
What does Inotropic relate to?
What does Inotropic relate to?
- Force of myocardial contractility (correct)
- Ventricular relaxation
- Heart rate
- Conduction velocity through the AV node
What does Dromotropic refer to?
What does Dromotropic refer to?
- Force of myocardial contractility
- Heart rate
- Ventricular relaxation
- Conduction velocity through the AV node (correct)
What is called when a chamber contracts and blood is ejected?
What is called when a chamber contracts and blood is ejected?
What is the term for rest or relaxation of the chamber?
What is the term for rest or relaxation of the chamber?
What is Stroke Volume?
What is Stroke Volume?
What does Cardiac Output refer to?
What does Cardiac Output refer to?
An increase in potassium or decrease in calcium causes the heart to be _____.
An increase in potassium or decrease in calcium causes the heart to be _____.
Excess calcium can cause the heart to be _____.
Excess calcium can cause the heart to be _____.
Although about 70% of ventricular filling occurs passively, ______ ______ contributes an additional 10% to 30% of blood flow to ventricular filling.
Although about 70% of ventricular filling occurs passively, ______ ______ contributes an additional 10% to 30% of blood flow to ventricular filling.
What is the area in the middle of the thoracic cavity in which the heart lies called?
What is the area in the middle of the thoracic cavity in which the heart lies called?
Which part of the heart receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus?
Which part of the heart receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus?
Which of the following conditions are potentially reversible?
Which of the following conditions are potentially reversible?
What is the innermost layer of the heart that lines its inner chambers?
What is the innermost layer of the heart that lines its inner chambers?
A branch of the right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and the right ventricle.
A branch of the right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and the right ventricle.
What are the main electrolytes that affect cardiac function?
What are the main electrolytes that affect cardiac function?
When an ECG machine is properly calibrated, a 1-millivolt (mV) electrical signal will produce a deflection measuring exactly ______ tall.
When an ECG machine is properly calibrated, a 1-millivolt (mV) electrical signal will produce a deflection measuring exactly ______ tall.
The ST segment is measured from...
The ST segment is measured from...
Where is the positive electrode placed in Lead III?
Where is the positive electrode placed in Lead III?
How many large boxes on ECG paper represent one second?
How many large boxes on ECG paper represent one second?
What is another term for ventricular escape rhythm?
What is another term for ventricular escape rhythm?
What is Agonal rhythm?
What is Agonal rhythm?
What is the heart rate for Idioventricular rhythm?
What is the heart rate for Idioventricular rhythm?
Signs and symptoms experienced during a tachydysrhythmia are usually primarily related to:
Signs and symptoms experienced during a tachydysrhythmia are usually primarily related to:
What is the most common type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?
What is the most common type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?
Which of the following rhythms originates in the SA node and is commonly phasic with breathing?
Which of the following rhythms originates in the SA node and is commonly phasic with breathing?
HR Range: Idioventricular, Acc Idioventricular, and Vtach.
HR Range: Idioventricular, Acc Idioventricular, and Vtach.
HR Range: Junctional, Acc Junctional, and Junctional Tach.
HR Range: Junctional, Acc Junctional, and Junctional Tach.
What is the intrinsic rate of the SA node?
What is the intrinsic rate of the SA node?
What is the intrinsic rate of the AV node?
What is the intrinsic rate of the AV node?
What is the intrinsic rate of Purkinje fibers?
What is the intrinsic rate of Purkinje fibers?
What are the two types of ventricular tachycardia?
What are the two types of ventricular tachycardia?
Torsades de Pointes is a type of ______ ______.
Torsades de Pointes is a type of ______ ______.
What is the definition of V-fib?
What is the definition of V-fib?
If R is far from P, what degree of block do you have?
If R is far from P, what degree of block do you have?
What signifies a Wenckebach (Mobitz 1, 2nd degree type 1) block?
What signifies a Wenckebach (Mobitz 1, 2nd degree type 1) block?
If some P's don't get through, then you have a ______.
If some P's don't get through, then you have a ______.
If P's and R's don't agree, then you have ______.
If P's and R's don't agree, then you have ______.
The two types of blocks where PR intervals are all identical are?
The two types of blocks where PR intervals are all identical are?
A 3rd-degree block will either be ______ with a narrow QRS or _____ with a wide QRS.
A 3rd-degree block will either be ______ with a narrow QRS or _____ with a wide QRS.
A ____ pause follows a PAC.
A ____ pause follows a PAC.
A ____ pause follows a PVC.
A ____ pause follows a PVC.
What is a compensatory pause?
What is a compensatory pause?
What is a non-compensatory pause?
What is a non-compensatory pause?
Delta wave refers to the slurred effect of....
Delta wave refers to the slurred effect of....
For an irregular heart rate, count the number of QRS complexes over a ______.
For an irregular heart rate, count the number of QRS complexes over a ______.
What are augmented leads?
What are augmented leads?
What is a sinus exit block?
What is a sinus exit block?
It is NOT a non-conducted PAC if the P-waves are on time.
It is NOT a non-conducted PAC if the P-waves are on time.
What is a bundle branch block?
What is a bundle branch block?
What is a third degree AV block?
What is a third degree AV block?
What is Ventricular Fibrillation?
What is Ventricular Fibrillation?
What characterizes Torsade de Pointes?
What characterizes Torsade de Pointes?
What does Multiform refer to?
What does Multiform refer to?
What does the QT interval represent?
What does the QT interval represent?
Study Notes
Cardiac Terminology and Concepts
- Chronotropic: Refers to the control of heart rate.
- Inotropic: Relates to the strength of myocardial contractility.
- Dromotropic: Indicates conduction velocity through the AV node.
- Systole: The period of contraction in the heart during which blood is ejected from chambers; pressure rises.
- Diastole: The phase of relaxation allowing chambers to fill with blood; pressure decreases.
Cardiac Measurements
- Stroke Volume: Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per heartbeat, measured in mL/beat.
- Cardiac Output: Volume of blood pumped into the aorta each minute; typical range for a healthy adult is between 4-8 L/min.
- Cardiac Output Equation: Calculated as (Heart Rate) X (Stroke Volume).
- Blood Pressure: The force exerted by blood against arterial walls during heart contractions and relaxations.
Hemodynamics
- Venous Return: The amount of blood flowing into the right heart from the systemic circulation.
- Blood Pressure Equation: Expressed as (Cardiac Output) X (Peripheral Resistance).
- Atrial Kick: Contributes 10% to 30% of blood flow to ventricular filling, in addition to passive filling.
Heart Structure
- Mediastinum: The central compartment in the thoracic cavity where the heart is located.
- Inferior Heart Surface: Formed by the right and left ventricles.
- Right Atrium: Receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and coronary sinus.
- Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation.
- Visceral Pericardium: The inner layer of the pericardium, also known as the epicardium.
Electrophysiology
- ST Segment: Measured from the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave.
- Lead III Positive Electrode: Placed on the left leg/foot.
- ECG Calibration: A 1-mV signal produces a 10 mm deflection.
Heart Rhythms and Blocks
- Tachydysrhythmia Symptoms: Typically associated with decreased ventricular filling time and stroke volume.
- AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT): The most common form of supraventricular tachycardia.
- Sinus Arrhythmia: A rhythm originating in the SA node, phasic with breathing.
- Intrinsic Rates:
- SA Node: 60-100 bpm
- AV Node: 40-60 bpm
- Purkinje Fibers: 20-40 bpm.
- Ventricular Tachycardia (VTach): Types include monomorphic (same shape) and polymorphic (different shapes).
- Torsades de Pointes: A specific type of polymorphic VTach resembling spindle shapes.
AV Block Types
- 1st Degree Block: Characterized by a consistent PR interval.
- 2nd Degree Type 1 (Wenckebach): Involves progressive PR interval lengthening followed by a drop.
- 2nd Degree Type 2 (Mobitz 2): Some P waves do not conduct to the ventricles.
- 3rd Degree Block: Complete dissociation between atria and ventricles; no consistent PR interval.
Pauses and Timing
- PAC (Premature Atrial Contraction): Followed by an incomplete pause; the rhythm resets.
- PVC (Premature Ventricular Contraction): Followed by a complete pause; intervals before and after are equal.
- Compensatory Pause: Timing of the sinus node remains intact, allowing subsequent impulses to remain on schedule.
- Non-compensatory Pause: SA node timing resets, potentially causing subsequent P wave to appear early.
Cardiac Electrolytes and Effects
- Main Electrolytes: Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium; crucial for cardiac function.
- Potassium Effects: An increase leads to the heart becoming flaccid; a decrease in calcium results in lower heart rate.
- Excess Calcium: Results in spastic, strong contractions.
Additional Concepts
- QT Interval: Represents the total time for ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
- Delta Wave: Indicates an accessory conduction pathway, often seen in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
Rhythm Characteristics
- Agonal Rhythm: A form of IVR with a rate less than 20 bpm.
- Multiform PVCs: Characterized by different shapes of premature contractions.
- Ventricular Fibrillation: No discernible ventricular depolarization; waveform identification is impossible.
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Test your knowledge of key cardiovascular terms with our CRAT exam flashcards. Each card provides a critical definition to help you understand concepts such as chronotropic, inotropic, and more. Perfect for students preparing for healthcare exams.
