week 7D1B

Questions and Answers

What does the term 'contractility' refer to in cardiac function?

The ability of the heart to eject blood from the ventricles (correct)

The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute

The relaxation phase of the heart cycle

The force opposing blood flow in the circulatory system

Which component of the circulatory system is responsible for opposing blood flow?

Peripheral vascular resistance (correct)

Stroke volume

Blood pressure

Cardiac output

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles of the heart relax?

Diastole (correct)

Electrocardiogram

Systole

Stroke volume

What is represented by an electrocardiogram?

The electrical conduction of a heartbeat Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'systole' specifically denote in heart function?

The contraction of the heart's ventricles Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the peripheral vascular system?

Veins and arteries not found in the chest or abdomen Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pulmonary veins in the heart's blood flow?

They transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles relax?

Diastole Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences the constriction and dilation of blood vessels?

Smooth muscle in the middle layer of the vessel wall Signup and view all the answers

What does the cardiac output represent?

The volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. Signup and view all the answers

Which heart sound is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves?

S2 (dub) Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily exchanged at the capillary level?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the heart generates electrical impulses independently of the nervous system?

Sinoatrial (SA) node Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the tricuspid valve in the heart?

It facilitates blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pericardium?

To protect the heart Signup and view all the answers

The myocardium is the innermost layer of the heart tissue.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does 'stroke volume' refer to?

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one beat Signup and view all the answers

During ______, the ventricles of the heart contract.

systole Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Blood pressure = The force exerted against an arterial wall Cardiac output = Amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute Diastole = When the ventricles of the heart relax Peripheral vascular resistance = The force that opposes the flow of blood Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the network of veins and arteries not found in the chest or abdomen?

Peripheral vascular system Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

Pulmonary artery Signup and view all the answers

Veins have smooth muscle but do not contain valves.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary roles of capillaries in the peripheral vascular system?

Exchange of nutrients and wastes. Signup and view all the answers

The heart's rhythmic contraction and relaxation cycle is known as the _________.

cardiac cycle Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the heart with their functions:

Right Atrium = Receives deoxygenated blood from the body Left Atrium = Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs Right Ventricle = Pumps blood to the lungs Left Ventricle = Pumps oxygenated blood to the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate stroke volume (SV) in milliliters for a normal heartbeat?

70 mL Signup and view all the answers

Diastole refers to the phase in which the ventricles contract.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the aortic valve in the heart?

To prevent backflow of blood into the left ventricle. Signup and view all the answers

What would a vital sign reading indicate if a patient's heart rate is consistently above 100 beats per minute?

Tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test utilizes a 3-D X-ray machine to provide imaging of the heart?

CT scan Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by increased levels of serum cardiac markers such as CK-MB and cTnT?

Heart damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of auscultating the heart during a cardiac assessment?

To evaluate heart sounds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the pressure exerted when the ventricle is filling?

Diastolic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What risk is associated with an invasive angiography procedure?

Bleeding Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do the atria contract, leading to blood flow into the ventricles?

P wave Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle factor is considered a significant risk for developing cardiovascular disorders?

Sedentary behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Which medication type is primarily used to dilate blood vessels in patients with angina pectoris?

Nitrates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with angina pectoris?

Heavy extremities Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by a buildup of plaque on arterial walls?

Atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for coronary artery disease?

Regular exercise Signup and view all the answers

What physiological process results from narrowed arteries leading to a reduction in blood flow?

Ischemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary intervention suggested for managing atherosclerosis?

Lifestyle changes Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes chest pain resulting from an imbalance between myocardial blood supply and demand?

Angina Pectoris Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by an optimal blood pressure reading?

120/80 mmHg or lower Signup and view all the answers

Peripheral pulses are not assessed during a cardiac assessment.

False Signup and view all the answers

What do increased levels of serum cardiac markers like CK-MB and cTnT indicate?

Heart damage Signup and view all the answers

The pressure exerted when the ventricle contracts is called ______.

systolic Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diagnostic tests with their primary usage:

Electrocardiogram (ECG) = Records the electrical activity of the heart CT scan = Produces 3D images of the heart MRI scan = Imaging technique using magnetic fields Angiography = Visualizes blood vessels through X-rays Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the correct heart rate classification?

Normal heart rate is between 60-100 beats per minute Signup and view all the answers

Invasive angiography is a non-invasive procedure.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with a CT scan for cardiac assessment?

Radiation exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Obesity Signup and view all the answers

Angina pectoris is defined as chest pain due to an adequate blood supply to the heart muscle.

False Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the narrowing of arteries that supply blood to the heart muscles?

Coronary artery disease (CAD) Signup and view all the answers

The buildup of __________ on arterial walls is known as atherosclerosis.

plaque Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Ischemia = Decreased oxygen to a part of the body Infarction = Tissue injury or death due to inadequate blood supply Perfusion = An area of the body receiving adequate blood flow Angina = Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common medication prescribed to manage angina pectoris?

Nitrates Signup and view all the answers

Smoking is considered a risk factor for developing coronary artery disease.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one nursing intervention for managing atherosclerosis.

Change diet to low fat and low salt Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Terms

Blood Pressure: Force exerted against arterial walls, indicative of systemic circulation health.
Contractility: The heart's ability to contract and eject blood from the ventricles.
Diastole: Phase when heart ventricles relax and fill with blood.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Recording of the electrical conduction system of the heart, showing rhythm and electrical impulses.
Peripheral Vascular Resistance: Force opposing blood flow in the peripheral circulation.
Peripheral Vascular System: Comprises veins and arteries outside of the chest and abdomen, responsible for blood circulation.

Heart Structure and Function

Location: Positioned in the thoracic cavity, behind the sternum, and between the lungs.
Protective Sac: The heart is encased in a pericardium that prevents friction from surrounding organs.
Heart Layers:
- Epicardium: External layer providing a slick surface.
- Myocardium: Middle layer of muscle responsible for contractions.
- Endocardium: Inner lining aiding smooth blood flow.

Blood Flow Through the Heart

Right Side:
- Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the inferior & superior vena cava.
- Blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle and then through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery.
Pulmonary Circulation:
- Blood travels to pulmonary capillaries for oxygenation, then returns via pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
Left Side:
- Receives oxygenated blood from lungs through the left atrium, passing through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, then through the aortic valve to the aorta.

Peripheral Vascular System

Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Capillaries: Sites of nutrient and waste exchange (e.g., O2 and CO2).
Veins: Transport deoxygenated blood back towards the heart.

Blood Vessel Structure

Inner Layer: Smooth lining that reduces friction.
Middle Layer: Composed of smooth muscle that controls vessel diameter.
Outer Layer: Provides structural protection.
Valves in Veins: Prevent backflow and facilitate blood return to the heart.

Heart Sounds

S1 (Lub): First heart sound occurs when atrioventricular (AV) valves close (tricuspid and mitral).
S2 (Dub): Second heart sound occurs when semilunar valves close (aortic and pulmonary).

Mechanical and Electrical Properties

Conduction System: Generates electrical impulses independently from the nervous system, controlling the heartbeat.
Cardiac Cycle: Consists of diastole (ventricles relax) and systole (ventricles contract), resulting in one complete heartbeat.
Cardiac Output: Amount of blood pumped by ventricles per minute; calculated as CO = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV).
Stroke Volume (SV): Volume of blood ejected with each heartbeat, typically around 70 mL.

Cardiac Output Range

Normal cardiac output ranges from 4 to 8 liters per minute under resting conditions.

Key Terms

Blood Pressure: Force exerted against arterial walls, indicative of systemic circulation health.
Contractility: The heart's ability to contract and eject blood from the ventricles.
Diastole: Phase when heart ventricles relax and fill with blood.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Recording of the electrical conduction system of the heart, showing rhythm and electrical impulses.
Peripheral Vascular Resistance: Force opposing blood flow in the peripheral circulation.
Peripheral Vascular System: Comprises veins and arteries outside of the chest and abdomen, responsible for blood circulation.

Heart Structure and Function

Location: Positioned in the thoracic cavity, behind the sternum, and between the lungs.
Protective Sac: The heart is encased in a pericardium that prevents friction from surrounding organs.
Heart Layers:
- Epicardium: External layer providing a slick surface.
- Myocardium: Middle layer of muscle responsible for contractions.
- Endocardium: Inner lining aiding smooth blood flow.

Blood Flow Through the Heart

Right Side:
- Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the inferior & superior vena cava.
- Blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle and then through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery.
Pulmonary Circulation:
- Blood travels to pulmonary capillaries for oxygenation, then returns via pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
Left Side:
- Receives oxygenated blood from lungs through the left atrium, passing through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, then through the aortic valve to the aorta.

Peripheral Vascular System

Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Capillaries: Sites of nutrient and waste exchange (e.g., O2 and CO2).
Veins: Transport deoxygenated blood back towards the heart.

Blood Vessel Structure

Inner Layer: Smooth lining that reduces friction.
Middle Layer: Composed of smooth muscle that controls vessel diameter.
Outer Layer: Provides structural protection.
Valves in Veins: Prevent backflow and facilitate blood return to the heart.

Heart Sounds

S1 (Lub): First heart sound occurs when atrioventricular (AV) valves close (tricuspid and mitral).
S2 (Dub): Second heart sound occurs when semilunar valves close (aortic and pulmonary).

Mechanical and Electrical Properties

Conduction System: Generates electrical impulses independently from the nervous system, controlling the heartbeat.
Cardiac Cycle: Consists of diastole (ventricles relax) and systole (ventricles contract), resulting in one complete heartbeat.
Cardiac Output: Amount of blood pumped by ventricles per minute; calculated as CO = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV).
Stroke Volume (SV): Volume of blood ejected with each heartbeat, typically around 70 mL.

Cardiac Output Range

Normal cardiac output ranges from 4 to 8 liters per minute under resting conditions.

Subjective and Objective Assessment Data

Collect subjective data including patient history, symptoms, medications, and lifestyle risk factors.
Document complaints (C/O) such as chest pain, fatigue, or dyspnea.
Objective data includes vital signs like heart rate (normal range: 60-100 bpm), blood pressure (optimal: <120/80 mmHg), peripheral pulses, capillary refill, and signs of edema.
Auscultate the heart and lungs to assess for abnormal sounds and dyspnea.
Evaluate skin color; watch for pallor or cyanosis as indicative of poor perfusion.

Diagnostic Tests and Nursing Responsibilities

Monitor lipid levels: focus on triglycerides (bad) and cholesterol levels (HDLs: good, LDLs: bad).
Serum cardiac markers indicate heart muscle damage; key enzymes include CK-MB, cTnT, and cTnI.
Utilize electrocardiogram (ECG) to monitor heart electrical activity (P wave: atrial contraction, QRS: ventricular contraction, T wave: ventricular relaxation).
Imaging techniques include CT and MRI scans; ensure no metal is present for MRI and assess for claustrophobia.
Angiography is an invasive method to visualize arteries; monitor insertion site for bleeding or clotting risks and assess pedal pulses.

Key Terminology

Ischemia: Reduced blood flow to an area, causing decreased oxygen availability.
Atherosclerosis: Buildup of plaque within arteries, leading to narrowed and stiff vessels.
Perfusion: Process of delivering blood to a capillary bed in tissues.
Angina: Chest pain due to ischemia.

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Angina Pectoris

Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of coronary artery disease (CAD), leading to narrowed arteries and reduced blood flow.
Major risk factors for CAD: smoking, obesity, inactivity, high-fat diet, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, age, race, and heredity.
Symptoms of atherosclerosis may include chest pain (angina) and myocardial infarction (MI).

Interventions for Atherosclerosis and Angina

Lifestyle modifications include smoking cessation, a low-fat and low-salt diet, and regular exercise.
Close monitoring and control of blood pressure and diabetes is crucial.
Medications like statins lower cholesterol levels; important to monitor serum lipid levels and liver function.

Angina Pectoris Management

Angina is characterized by chest pain due to an imbalance between blood supply and demand in the heart muscle.
Symptoms include chest pain that may radiate to neck, shoulder, arm, or jaw, often described as tight, squeezing, or heavy, accompanied by shortness of breath.
Medications include nitrates (e.g., nitroglycerin), which dilate blood vessels and increase heart blood flow.

Focused Assessment and Patient Care

Conduct focused assessments to monitor heart function and recognize signs of pain or distress in patients with CHD and angina.
Collaborative care involves interdisciplinary approaches to manage heart disease, emphasizing patient education on lifestyle adjustments and medication adherence.

Subjective and Objective Assessment Data

Collect subjective data including patient history, symptoms, medications, and lifestyle risk factors.
Document complaints (C/O) such as chest pain, fatigue, or dyspnea.
Objective data includes vital signs like heart rate (normal range: 60-100 bpm), blood pressure (optimal: <120/80 mmHg), peripheral pulses, capillary refill, and signs of edema.
Auscultate the heart and lungs to assess for abnormal sounds and dyspnea.
Evaluate skin color; watch for pallor or cyanosis as indicative of poor perfusion.

Diagnostic Tests and Nursing Responsibilities

Monitor lipid levels: focus on triglycerides (bad) and cholesterol levels (HDLs: good, LDLs: bad).
Serum cardiac markers indicate heart muscle damage; key enzymes include CK-MB, cTnT, and cTnI.
Utilize electrocardiogram (ECG) to monitor heart electrical activity (P wave: atrial contraction, QRS: ventricular contraction, T wave: ventricular relaxation).
Imaging techniques include CT and MRI scans; ensure no metal is present for MRI and assess for claustrophobia.
Angiography is an invasive method to visualize arteries; monitor insertion site for bleeding or clotting risks and assess pedal pulses.

Key Terminology

Ischemia: Reduced blood flow to an area, causing decreased oxygen availability.
Atherosclerosis: Buildup of plaque within arteries, leading to narrowed and stiff vessels.
Perfusion: Process of delivering blood to a capillary bed in tissues.
Angina: Chest pain due to ischemia.

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Angina Pectoris

Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of coronary artery disease (CAD), leading to narrowed arteries and reduced blood flow.
Major risk factors for CAD: smoking, obesity, inactivity, high-fat diet, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, age, race, and heredity.
Symptoms of atherosclerosis may include chest pain (angina) and myocardial infarction (MI).

Interventions for Atherosclerosis and Angina

Lifestyle modifications include smoking cessation, a low-fat and low-salt diet, and regular exercise.
Close monitoring and control of blood pressure and diabetes is crucial.
Medications like statins lower cholesterol levels; important to monitor serum lipid levels and liver function.

Angina Pectoris Management

Angina is characterized by chest pain due to an imbalance between blood supply and demand in the heart muscle.
Symptoms include chest pain that may radiate to neck, shoulder, arm, or jaw, often described as tight, squeezing, or heavy, accompanied by shortness of breath.
Medications include nitrates (e.g., nitroglycerin), which dilate blood vessels and increase heart blood flow.

Focused Assessment and Patient Care

Conduct focused assessments to monitor heart function and recognize signs of pain or distress in patients with CHD and angina.
Collaborative care involves interdisciplinary approaches to manage heart disease, emphasizing patient education on lifestyle adjustments and medication adherence.

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Test your knowledge of key cardiovascular terms including blood pressure, cardiac output, and electrocardiogram. This quiz will help you understand the important concepts related to heart function and blood circulation. Perfect for students of healthcare and biology.