Anatomy and Physiology (Hug)
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Questions and Answers

What is the body's principal control system?

  • Endocrine system
  • Musculoskeletal system
  • Nervous system (correct)
  • Circulatory system

    • What are the key structures highlighted in musculoskeletal anatomy?

  • Skull, spine, and vertebrae (correct)
  • Dendrites, synapses, and soma
  • Tendons, ligaments, and cartilage
  • Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous

    • What are dermatomes?

  • Layers of the skin: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous
  • Important structures of the skull
  • Topographical regions of the body surface innervated by specific nerve roots (correct)
  • Components of blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma

    • What is the Monroe-Kellie Doctrine related to?

    <p>Nervous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the roles of dendrites, synapses, soma, axon terminals, and axons related to?

    <p>Nervous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many total bones are highlighted in musculoskeletal anatomy?

    <p>206</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the integumentary system include?

    <p>Skin, hair, and nails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cardiovascular anatomy focus on?

    <p>Heart, blood vessels, and circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of blood detailed in Chapter 5?

    <p>Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main types of tissues covered in the study guide?

    <p>Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does normal QRS axis indicate?

    <p>Left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissues cover body surfaces?

    <p>Epithelial tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nervous tissues?

    <p>Specialized to conduct messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

    <p>Low blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

    <p>Sympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does extreme right axis deviation indicate?

    <p>Right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may differ across different regions according to the study guide?

    <p>Medication dosages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system maintains the vegetative state?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy source for the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is activated in response to low blood pressure and decreased perfusion?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system use?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures does the cellular anatomy chapter explain?

    <p>Lysosomes, nucleus, cytoplasm, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does left axis deviation indicate?

    <p>Left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cardiac axis indicate?

    <p>Part of the heart requiring the most energy for depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolytes play crucial roles in depolarization and repolarization?

    <p>Sodium, calcium, potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate Cardiac Output?

    <p>Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume $\times$ Heart Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the heart located?

    <p>In the mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average percentage of blood ejected with each contraction (Ejection Fraction)?

    <p>55-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the heart contains 25mL of pericardial fluid?

    <p>Pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of blood flow through the heart?

    <p>Vena cava, atria, ventricles, aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the left coronary artery?

    <p>Supplies the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major branches of the right coronary artery?

    <p>Supplies the right atrium and ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides an alternative path for blood flow in case of blockage?

    <p>Collateral circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two phases of the circulatory system?

    <p>Diastole and systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average Stroke Volume?

    <p>70mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences Stroke Volume?

    <p>Preload, contractility, and afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are the coronary arteries perfused?

    <p>During diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Monroe-Kellie Doctrine detail?

    <p>Blood flow and intracranial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are dermatomes?

    <p>Regions innervated by specific nerve roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dendrites, synapses, soma, axon terminals, and axons related to?

    <p>Cellular anatomy and nervous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the left coronary artery?

    <p>Supply blood to the left ventricle and atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the integumentary system include?

    <p>Skin, hair, and nails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key structures highlighted in musculoskeletal anatomy?

    <p>Vertebrae and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cardiovascular anatomy focus on?

    <p>Heart, blood vessels, and circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of blood detailed in Chapter 5?

    <p>White blood cells and red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does normal QRS axis indicate?

    <p>Normal electrical conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides an alternative path for blood flow in case of blockage?

    <p>Collateral circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the body's principal control system relate to?

    <p>Endocrine and circulatory systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the spinal cord, the meninges, and autoregulation detail?

    <p>Neurological and regulatory mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the cellular anatomy chapter in the study guide?

    <p>The structure and function of cells and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissues are covered in the study guide?

    <p>Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the disclaimer in the study guide state regarding procedures and medication dosages?

    <p>Procedures should only be performed by appropriately licensed/certified, authorized, and trained personnel, and medication dosages may differ across different regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the roles of muscle tissues according to the study guide?

    <p>Include striated (skeletal or cardiac muscle)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical terms are covered in the study guide?

    <p>Anterior, posterior, and proximal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of connective tissues according to the study guide?

    <p>Bind different types of tissues together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does extreme right axis deviation indicate?

    <p>Right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic system use?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Responsible for 'fight or flight' response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

    <p>Low blood pressure and decreased perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the heart does normal QRS axis indicate?

    <p>Left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sympathetic nervous system use as a neurotransmitter?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parasympathetic system?

    <p>Maintains vegetative state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does left axis deviation indicate?

    <p>Left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the autonomic nervous system is activated in response to 'fight or flight' situations?

    <p>Sympathetic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Initiates 'fight or flight' response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for maintaining the vegetative state?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate Cardiac Output?

    <p>$ ext{Cardiac Output} = ext{Stroke Volume} imes ext{Heart Rate}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average percentage of blood ejected with each contraction (Ejection Fraction)?

    <p>55-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three layers of the heart?

    <p>Endocardium, Myocardium, Pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of blood flow through the heart?

    <p>Vena Cava, Atria, Ventricles, Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of collateral circulation?

    <p>Providing an alternative path for blood flow in case of blockage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the heart located?

    <p>In the mediastinum, with 2/3 of its mass to the left of the midline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average Stroke Volume?

    <p>70mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the heart contains 25mL of pericardial fluid?

    <p>Pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are the coronary arteries perfused?

    <p>During diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the left coronary artery?

    <p>Supplies the left ventricle and has two major branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major branches of the right coronary artery?

    <p>Supplies the right atrium and ventricle and has two major branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two phases of the circulatory system?

    <p>Diastole, Systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

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