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Questions and Answers

What is the angulation required for the PA axial projection using the Haas Method?

  • 15° caudad
  • 20° cephalad
  • 10° cephalad (correct)
  • 5° cephalad

    • Which anatomical structures are best demonstrated using the Verticosubmental (VSM) projection?

  • Occipital bone and mandible
  • Anterior cranial base and sphenoid sinuses (correct)
  • Sella turcica and petrosae mastoid process
  • Foramen ovale and spinosum

    • What position should the neck be in for the cranial base projection?

  • Flexed forward
  • Tilted to the right
  • Hyperextended (correct)
  • Neutral

    • In the Lysholm method (axiolateral projection), what is the required caudad angulation?

    <p>30-35°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are highlighted in the Valdini method (PA axial projection)?

    <p>Dorsum sellae and auditory canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the chin be positioned in the Verticosubmental projection?

    <p>Fully extended on IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position of the patient during the PA axial Projection (Haas Method)?

    <p>Prone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be ensured about the IOML in the cranial base position?

    <p>It must be parallel to the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct angulation for the Towne method when performing an AP axial projection?

    <p>37° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct alignment for the Lateral Projection of the cranium?

    <p>MSP // to IR, IOML // to IR, IPL 1 to IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection specifically demonstrates the anterior and posterior clinoid processes without distortion?

    <p>Lateral projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is demonstrated in the PA Projection of the cranium?

    <p>Frontal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required head position for the optic canal and foramen projection using the Rhese method?

    <p>Semi-prone with the affected orbit superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the exit point for the PA Axial Projection using the Caldwell Method?

    <p>Nasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection requires the rest of the forehead and nose on the image receptor?

    <p>PA axial projection (Haas Method)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the AP Axial Projection (Towne Method), which angulation is correct for the OML alignment?

    <p>30° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lateral projection, what is the correct position of the midsagittal plane (MSP) relative to the image receptor (IR)?

    <p>MSP parallel to IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is specifically indicated for patients who cannot assume the prone position due to cervical spinal injury?

    <p>Lateral Decubitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical landmarks are aligned with the IR in the Towne method for the AP axial projection?

    <p>MSP and OML</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the orbits is demonstrated in the orbitoparietal oblique projection (Rhese method)?

    <p>Inferior &amp; lateral quadrant of orbit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Haas method demonstrate?

    <p>Entire Cranium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Haas method, what is the specific cephalad angulation used?

    <p>10° cephalad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are shown in the AP Projection of the cranium?

    <p>Magnified orbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection is described as having a 25° caudad angulation towards the nasion?

    <p>Haas Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the Schüller Projection, what is the appropriate caudad angulation for exiting at the nasion?

    <p>25° to 30°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically demonstrated in the Crosstable or Robinson Projection?

    <p>Sphenoid sinus effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which positioning technique uses a 40° inclination of the midsagittal plane (MSP) and aims to demonstrate the optic canal and foramen?

    <p>Alexander Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angulation used in the Sphenoid Strut positioning technique?

    <p>7° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is performed in the prone position and primarily demonstrates the superior orbital fissure?

    <p>Superior Orbital Fissures Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Modified Lysholm Method, which angle is the inferior margin of the lesser wing (sphenoid) positioned at?

    <p>30° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method requires the use of a localizer device and aims to pinpoint the location of a foreign body in relation to the corneoscleral junction?

    <p>Pfeiffer-Comberg Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Vogt Bone-Free Method in the localization of foreign bodies?

    <p>Detect small/low-density foreign particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structures does the Inferior Orbital Fissure method primarily demonstrate?

    <p>Pterygoid lamina and condylar process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Superior Orbital Fissures method, which structure is specifically examined at 20-25° caudad?

    <p>Inferior margin of the orbit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angulation for the Towne method when positioning the patient supine?

    <p>30° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection requires the patient's forehead and nose to be in contact with the image receptor?

    <p>PA axial projection (Haas Method)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical regions are best demonstrated by the Lateral Projection?

    <p>Dorsum sellae and sphenoid sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Optic canal & Foramen projection using the Rhese method, how is the affected orbit positioned?

    <p>1 inch superior and posterior to the external acoustic meatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific alignment of the midsagittal plane (MSP) in the lateral projection?

    <p>Parallel to the image receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are demonstrated in the PA axial projection using the Haas method?

    <p>Dorsum &amp; tuberculum sellae and anterior &amp; posterior clinoid processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required angulation to demonstrate the sellar region 3 inches above the glabella in the Towne method?

    <p>37° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MSP alignment for the PAZAM projection?

    <p>Perpendicular to the image receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure demonstrated in the Alexander Method projection?

    <p>Optic canal and foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Sphenoid Strut positioning technique, which direction should the midsagittal plane (MSP) be angled?

    <p>Towards the side of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What angulation is required for the Modified Lysholm Method concerning the lesser wing of the sphenoid?

    <p>30° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection is primarily used to clearly demonstrate the superior orbital fissure?

    <p>Superior Orbital Fissures Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Vogt Bone-Free method, how is the patient's eye positioned to detect foreign bodies?

    <p>First looking vertically, then horizontally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature demonstrated in the Inferior Orbital Fissure method?

    <p>Orbital fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What angle is used for the angulation in the Superior Orbital Fissures projection?

    <p>20° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the positioning requirement for the Modified Lysholm method?

    <p>Prone with the forehead and nose in contact with the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structures are primarily demonstrated in the cranial base projection?

    <p>Carotid cana and occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection utilizes a 30-35° caudad angle and emphasizes lateral cranial base structures?

    <p>Lysholm method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the positioning requirement for the Verticosubmental (VSM) projection?

    <p>Fully extended chin resting on IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PA axial Projection using the Haas Method, where should the IR be centered?

    <p>3 inches above the sellar region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure does the Valdini method (PA axial projection) aim to demonstrate?

    <p>Eustachian tube and lateral labyrinths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the cranial base projection, what is the required angulation of the central ray?

    <p>10° ML</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Haas method specifically demonstrate within the foramen magnum?

    <p>Dorsum &amp; tuberculum sellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of the Lysholm method regarding patient positioning?

    <p>Semi-prone and aligned with IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What position is required for the Lateral Projection of the cranium?

    <p>Seated/Semi-prone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is not well demonstrated in the PA Projection?

    <p>Parietal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the exit point for the AP Axial Projection using the Towne Method?

    <p>Nasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Schüller Projection, which degree of caudad angulation is used to exit at the nasion?

    <p>25°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Haas method primarily demonstrates which anatomical structure?

    <p>Symmetric petrous pyramid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which alignment is required for the AP Projection of the cranium?

    <p>MSP perpendicular to IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angulation used in the AP Axial Projection (Towne Method) when aligning the OML?

    <p>25°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Crosstable/Robinson Projection?

    <p>Show traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which position are the structures demonstrated in the Lateral Projection of the cranium the same as the Supine Lateral position?

    <p>Lateral Projection (Supine Lateral)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical regions are superimposed in the lateral projection of the cranium?

    <p>Orbital roofs and TMJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structures are well demonstrated in the cranial base position?

    <p>Dens, occipital bone, and mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Lysholm method, what alignment is required for the IOML?

    <p>IOML // to the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required patient position for performing the Verticosubmental projection?

    <p>Prone with fully extended chin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection uses a 10° cephalad angulation and demonstrates structures through the frontal bone?

    <p>Haas method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the positioning requirement for the neck in the cranial base projection?

    <p>Hyperextension of the neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method primarily demonstrates the bony structure of the Eustachian tube?

    <p>Lysholm method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection provides a view of the foramen ovale and spinosum?

    <p>Cranial base projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific structure does the Verticosubmental projection emphasize?

    <p>Basal structure distortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Towne method in cranial imaging?

    <p>To demonstrate the sellar region and clinoid processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lateral projection of the cranium, what should the angulation be relative to the outer canthus?

    <p>3/4 in anterior to EAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structures are specifically demonstrated in the PA axial projection using the Haas method?

    <p>Dorsum sellae and clinoid processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing the optic canal and foramen projection using the Rhese method, how is the affected orbit positioned?

    <p>Semi-prone with the affected orbit superior to the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key alignment characteristic of the PA axial projection (Haas Method)?

    <p>DML is aligned with the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method positions the patient supine and requires a 40° inclination of the midsagittal plane (MSP)?

    <p>Alexander Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure is best demonstrated using the lateral projection of the sellar region?

    <p>Dorsum sellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angulation for the Towne method when aligning the OML to the IR?

    <p>37° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Modified Lysholm Method, what is the required caudad angulation for the IOML?

    <p>20° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is best demonstrated in the Sphenoid Strut positioning technique?

    <p>Sphenoid strut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following projections involves a 53° angulation of the MSP relative to the IR?

    <p>Optic canal &amp; Foramen (Rhese method)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection is primarily used to demonstrate the superior orbital fissure?

    <p>Superior Orbital Fissures Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What angle is used for the inferior margin angulation in the Superior Orbital Fissures projection?

    <p>20° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What position is required for the Vogt Bone-Free method during the localization of foreign bodies?

    <p>Eye straight and forward with various gazes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Inferior Orbital Fissure method, what is the angulation towards the nasion during the projection?

    <p>20-25° cephalad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method requires the use of a localizer device to determine the position of a foreign body in relation to the corneoscleral junction?

    <p>Pfeiffer-Comberg Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure demonstrated in the AP Axial Projection (Towne Method)?

    <p>Sellar structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method), what is the exit point for the central ray?

    <p>Nasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection requires the patient's head to be turned towards the side of interest?

    <p>Lateral Projection (Supine Lateral)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the Schüller Projection, what is the appropriate caudad angulation to exit at the mid-orbits?

    <p>20° to 25°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the crosstable projection best demonstrate?

    <p>Traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PA Projection, which of the following structures is prominently demonstrated?

    <p>Petrous pyramid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of projection is indicated for patients with cervical spinal injury who cannot be prone?

    <p>Lateral Decubitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection uses a 23° caudad angulation?

    <p>True Caldwell Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves a 40° caudad angulation to demonstrate the entire foramen magnum?

    <p>Chamberlain Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is shown in the AP Projection of the cranium?

    <p>Orbital margins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What position is required for the PA axial Projection (Haas Method)?

    <p>Prone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection uses a 10° cephalad angulation to visualize specific anatomical structures?

    <p>PA axial Projection (Haas Method)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main anatomical structure demonstrated in the Verticosubmental (VSM) projection?

    <p>Dorsum sellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Lysholm method (axiolateral projection), how is the patient positioned?

    <p>Semi-prone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific area is best visualized when performing the Cranial Base projection?

    <p>Foramen ovale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angulation direction used in the Lysholm method for the image receptor alignment?

    <p>30-35° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical landmarks are best demonstrated using the Valdini method?

    <p>Labyrinths of ears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the patient's neck be positioned during the cranial base projection?

    <p>Hyperextended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection requires the patient to be in a semi-prone position while aligning the midsagittal plane at a 53° angle to the image receptor?

    <p>Optic canal &amp; Foramen projection (Rhese Method)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Towne method, how is the angulation adjusted when the patient is upright?

    <p>37° caudad - 10ML</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific feature is well demonstrated in the PA axial projection using the Haas Method?

    <p>Dorsum and tuberculum sellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection is focused on the inferior and lateral quadrants of the orbit?

    <p>Optic canal &amp; Foramen projection (Rhese Method)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required alignment for the lateral projection of the cranium?

    <p>IPL parallel to the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method aligns the MSP of the skull I to the image receptor and requires a 10° cephalad angulation?

    <p>Haas method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical region is depicted well in the Lateral Projection?

    <p>Dorsum sellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PAZAM projection, what is the primary alignment requirement for the affected orbit?

    <p>Affected orbit at IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure well demonstrated in the lateral projection of the cranium?

    <p>Sella turcica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PA axial projection using the Caldwell method, what structures are notably demonstrated?

    <p>Dorsum sellae and petrous ridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alignment requirement for the AP Axial Projection?

    <p>MSP I to IR and OML I to IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection specifically demonstrates the traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion?

    <p>Crosstable/Robinson Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection requires an angulation of 25° caudad to exit at the nasion?

    <p>Haas method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct angulation for the Towne Method when aligning the OML?

    <p>25° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection is specifically designed for patients who are unable to assume the prone position?

    <p>Alexander Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical region is demonstrated with a 15° caudad angulation in the Schüller Projection?

    <p>Rotundum foramina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Modified Lysholm Method, what is the caudad angulation of the inferior margin of the lesser wing (sphenoid)?

    <p>30°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which projection is the patient positioned in a lateral decubitus, and what is the major structural focus?

    <p>Towne method; demonstrates foramen magnum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angulation for the Sphenoid Strut positioning technique?

    <p>7° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are best visualized in the supine lateral projection?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Superior Orbital Fissures method, which specific structure is ideally visualized by angling 20-25° caudad?

    <p>Petrous Ridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific angulation for the Altschul & Towne Method and what does it demonstrate?

    <p>40° caudad; demonstrates the jugular foramina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method requires the forehead and nose to be in contact with the image receptor?

    <p>Modified Lysholm Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific positioning requirement for the Vogt Bone-Free method?

    <p>Eye straight forward then looking down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure does the Pfeiffer-Comberg Method primarily demonstrate?

    <p>Corneoscleral junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Inferior Orbital Fissure method, what is the angulation required towards the nasion?

    <p>20-25°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection demonstrates the affected optic canal and foramen?

    <p>Optic canal &amp; Foramen (Parieto orbital oblique Projection Rhese Method)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required angulation when performing the Towne method with the OML aligned to the IR?

    <p>37° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the PA axial projection using the Haas method, where is the centering point in relation to the nasion?

    <p>1/2 inch below the nasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection well demonstrates the dorsum sellae and tuberculum sellae?

    <p>Towne method (APaxial Projection)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific angulation is used in the PA axial projection (Haas method)?

    <p>10° cephalad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the lateral projection of the skull, what must be aligned to the image receptor?

    <p>Midsagittal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is best visualized with the lateral projection?

    <p>Sphenoid sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the orbitoparietal oblique projection, what area of the orbit is predominantly demonstrated?

    <p>Inferior and Lateral Quadrants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary well-demonstrated structure in the cranial base projection?

    <p>Dens (axis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves a 30-35° caudad angulation for proper alignment?

    <p>Lysholm Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Verticosubmental projection, what is the recommended angulation?

    <p>1 to 10° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the positioning requirement for the Lysholm method?

    <p>Semi-prone with IOML parallel to the image receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature is demonstrated in the PA axial projection using the Valdini method?

    <p>Tympanic cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific angle should the IOML be aligned to in the cranial base position?

    <p>Parallel to the image receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following projections is best for visualizing the anterior cranial base and sphenoid sinuses?

    <p>Verticosubmental projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What position must the patient assume for the PA axial Projection (Haas Method)?

    <p>Prone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position of the patient during the AP Projection of the cranium?

    <p>Supine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection is best for demonstrating the sella turcica along with the anterior and posterior clinoid processes?

    <p>Lateral Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PA Axial Projection using the Caldwell Method, where does the radiation exit?

    <p>Nasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angulation required for the AP Axial Projection (Towne Method)?

    <p>37° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is specifically indicated for patients with a cervical spinal injury who cannot assume a prone position?

    <p>Lateral Decubitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Schüller Projection, what is the angulation of the tube for an exit at the nasion?

    <p>25° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Alexander Method in imaging?

    <p>To clearly visualize the optic canal and foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are visualized in the PA Projection of the cranium?

    <p>Frontal bone and sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required caudad angulation for the Modified Lysholm Method?

    <p>30°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection requires that the affected area be positioned towards the image receptor?

    <p>Crosstable Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection specifically requires the patient's forehead and nose to rest on the image receptor?

    <p>Modified Lysholm Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Sphenoid Strut positioning technique, to which direction should the midsagittal plane (MSP) be angled?

    <p>Toward the side of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main anatomical structure demonstrated in the PA Axial Projection using the Haas Method?

    <p>Occipitobasilar region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the AP Axial Projection, what is observed due to the position of the patient's head?

    <p>Magnified orbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method requires a localizer device for measuring the location of foreign bodies?

    <p>Sweet Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific structure is well demonstrated using the Inferior Orbital Fissure method?

    <p>Inferior orbital fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the positioning for the Superior Orbital Fissures method, what is the required angulation?

    <p>20-25° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection requires a 7° caudad angulation to demonstrate the sphenoid strut?

    <p>Sphenoid Strut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lateral Projection

    • Position: Seated or semi-prone with the side of interest closest to the image receptor.
    • Alignment: MSP parallel to IR, IOML parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Sella turcica, dorsum sellae, greater wings of the sphenoid, parietal bone (penetrated), clear view of the cervical spine without mandible overlap.
    • Superimposed: Orbital roofs, EAM, mastoid regions, TMJ.

    Crosstable/ Robinson/ Meares/ GOREC Projection

    • Position: Dorsal decubitus.
    • Alignment: Affected side nearest to the image receptor, MSP parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion and basilar fracture.

    Lateral Projection (Supine Lateral)

    • Position: Supine lateral with the head turned towards the side of interest.
    • Alignment: MSP parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Support: Radiolucent pad to support the head.
    • Demonstrates: Same structures as the lateral projection.

    PA Projection

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, forehead resting on the IR, nose touching the IR, EAM equidistant to the IR.
    • Exit point: Nasion.
    • Demonstrates: Frontal bone (orbits filled with margins), petrous pyramid, crista galli, dorsum sellae, frontal sinuses, posterior ethmoidal air cells.

    PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method)

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, forehead resting on the IR, nose touching the IR, EAM equidistant to the IR.
    • Exit point: Nasion.
    • Demonstrates: Petrous ridges (lower 1/3 of orbits, upper 2/3 of orbits), frontal sinus, anterior ethmoidal sinuses.

    Schüller Projection

    • Angulation: 15° caudad - exit nasion; 25° caudad - exit nasion; 25 to 30° caudad - exit nasion; 20 to 25° caudad - exit midorbits.
    • Demonstrates: Rotundum foramina and superior orbital fissure.

    PA/PA Axial Projection (Lateral Decubitus)

    • Position: Lateral decubitus for patients who cannot prone or have cervical spinal injury. The body is supine, and the head is in a true lateral position facing the IR.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: PA - 15° caudad – exit nasion.

    True/Original Caldwell Method

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: Forehead resting on IR, nose touching IR, GML perpendicular to IR, MSP parallel to IR.
    • Angulation: 23° caudad - exit nasion.
    • Demonstrates: Same as the PA axial projection.

    AP Projection

    • Position: Supine.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: Centered on nasion.
    • Exit point: Nasion.
    • Demonstrates: Magnified PA image, magnified orbits.

    AP Axial Projection

    • Position: Supine or upright.
    • Angulation: 15° cephalad – exit nasion. Hypersthenic patients: seated or upright.
    • Demonstrates: Magnified orbits, magnified PA image.

    AP Axial Projection (Towne Method)

    • Position: Supine.
    • Angulation: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR - 30° caudad, IOML perpendicular to IR - 37° caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Symmetric Petrous Pyramid, Posterior (Foramen Magnum), Posterior clinoid, Dorsum sellae (processes within foramen magnum), Posterior (Parietal bone).

    Grashey Method (1912 cranium)

    • Angulation : 2 1/2" (6.3 cm) above slabella - Occipital bone

    Altschul & Towne Method (Chamberlain)

    • Angulation: 40° caudad - strong depression of the chin. Chin depressed, CR to MSP - 3 in above eyebrows to the Foramen magnum.
    • Demonstrates: Useful for tomographic studies, visualization of ears, facial canal, jugular foramina, rotundum foramina.

    Haas method (PA axial)

    • Position: Prone
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, forehead resting on the IR, nose touching the IR, vertex of skull included.
    • Angulation: 25° cephalad - exit 1/2 in superior nasim or 25° cephalad to OML.
    • Demonstrates: Sellar structure with Foramen Magnum for hypersthenic patients who can't do Towne projection, occipito-basal occipital region of the cranium, symmetric pars petrosa, dorsum sella, posterior clinoid process within the foramen magnum, and the entire cranium.

    Towne-Altschul-Grashey-Chamberlaine

    • Position: AP axial projection - lateral decubitus
    • Angulation: 40 to 60° caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Entire foramen magnum.

    Pathologic or trauma

    • Position: Semisupine with OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 30° caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Pathologic conditions, trauma deformities, accentuated dorsal kyphosis.

    PA axial Projection (Haas Method)

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, forehead resting on IR, nose touching IR, vertex of skull included, center IR 3 in above sellar region.
    • Angulation: 10° cephalad.
    • Demonstrates: Dorsum & tuberculum sellae (1/2 inch below Inion), posterior & anterior clinoid processes (Glabella), ethmoidal sinus (through frontal bone), sellar structure within the foramen magnum (hypersthenic patients).

    Cranial Base

    • Position: Supine or upright, IOML parallel to IR, CR perpendicular to 10ML, MSP perpendicular to IR, neck hyperextended. Supine: Rest vertex on IR to increase intracranial pressure (may cause dizziness).
    • Angulation: 10ML for sella turcica (3/4 anterior) to EAM, 6 in gonion.
    • Demonstrates: Cranial base (foramen ovale & spinosum), symmetric petrosae mastoid process, carotid canals, mandible, bony nasal septum, dens (axis), occipital bone, sphenoidal & ethmoidal sinuses (superimposed over mandible), axial topography of the orbits, optic canals, ethmoid bone, maxillary sinuses, mastoid process, zygomatic arches.

    Verticosubmental (VSM) projection

    • Position: Prone with MSP perpendicular to IR, fully extending the chin on the IR.
    • Angulation: 1 to 10 ML, 3/4 inch (1.9 cm) anterior to EAM (sella turcica).
    • Demonstrates: Distorted and magnified basal structures (same as SMV), anterior cranial base, sphenoid sinuses (useful for).
    • Reduces magnification.
    • Place throat on the IR.

    Lysholm method (axiolateral projection)

    • Position: Semi-prone, MSP parallel to IR, IOML parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR, 30-35° caudad, 1 in distal to lower EAM, DILA (10ML 50°) IAM, ETB (OML 50°) EAM
    • Demonstrates: Oblique position of the lateral cranial base (closest to IR), dorsum sellae, labyrinth, tympanic cavity, bony pari (Eustachian) tube, mastoid pneumatization.

    Valdini method (PA axial Projection)

    • Position: Recumbent or upright, Rest upper frontal skull on IR, head acutely flexed, MSP perpendicular to IR - nasion 28 IR, IOML 50° - auditory canals, -10ML 50° auditory canals - 1 0.5 distal to nasion.
    • Demonstrates: Labyrinths of Ears, Tympanic cavities, Bony pari (Eustachian) Tube, Dorsum sellae and P.clinoid process above the foramen magnum shadow, tuberculum sellae and A clinoid process below the foramen magnum shadow.

    Lateral Projection

    • Position: Semi-prone or upright - head true Lateral
    • Alignment: MSP parallel to IR, 10ML parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 3/4 in (1.9cm) anterior and 3/4 in posterior to EAM.
    • Demonstrates: Lateral projection of the Sellar region (no distortion or rotation), superimposed anterior and posterior clinoid processes, sphenoid sinus, dorsum sellae.

    Towne method (APaxial Projection)

    • Position: Supine or upright.
    • Angulation: 37° caudad - 10ML, 30° caudad - 10ML.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, IOML perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Sellar region (3in above Glabella), petrous pyramid, 37 caudad 10ML - dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes within the foramen magnum, 30° caudad DML - dorsum & tuberculum sellae, anterior clinoid processes, above foramen magnum.

    PA axial projection (Haas Method)

    • Position: Prone
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, DML perpendicular to IR, forehead resting on IR, nose touching IR.
    • Angulation: 10° cephalad.
    • Demonstrates: Dorsum & tuberculum sellae (1/2 inch below Inion), posterior & anterior clinoid processes (Glabella), ethmoidal sinus (through frontal bone), sellar structure within the foramen magnum (hypersthenic patients).

    Optic canal & Foramen (Parieto orbital oblique Projection Rhese Method)

    • Position: Semi-prone, affected orbit 1 in superior and posterior to TEA (closest to IR), rest zygoma, nose, and chin on the IR, AML perpendicular to IR, MSP 53° to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Affected optic canal and foramen, inferior and lateral quadrants of the affected orbit, frontal sinus, ethmoidal sinuses, sphenoidal sinuses.

    PAZAM

    • Position: Prone, affected orbit touching the IR, zygoma on IR, AML perpendicular to IR, MSP 53° to IR.

    ORBITO-PARIETAL oblique proj (Rhese Method)

    • Position: Supine, affected orbit away from IR, MSP 53° to IR, AML perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Inferior and lateral quadrants of the uppermost orbit, optic canal and foramen, inferior and lateral quadrant of the orbit.

    Reverse Of Parieto orbital Oblique Proj.

    • Position: For patients who cannot prone (TOID).
    • Increased patient dose.

    Alexander Method (ORBITO- Parietal oblique projection)

    • Position: Supine, AML perpendicular to IR, MSP 40° to IR, IR 15° from vertical, affected orbit away from IR.
    • Angulation: Inferior and lateral margin of the uppermost orbit.
    • Demonstrates: Optic canal and foramen.

    Modified Lysholm Method (Eccentric Angle Parieto-Orbital Oblique Projection)

    • Position: Prone, forehead and nose resting on IR, IOML perpendicular to IR - 20° caudad, 10ML perpendicular to IR - 30° caudad, MSP 20° from vertical.
    • Angulation: Inferior root of lesser wing (sphenoid).
    • Demonstrates: Affected optic canal and foramen, orbit, anterior clinoid process (20°), superior orbital fissure (30°).

    Sphenoid Strut

    • Position: Prone, superciliary ridge/arch and side of nose touching the IR, IOML perpendicular to IR, MSP 20° toward the side of interest (IR).
    • Angulation: 7° caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Affected orbit, unobstructed and undistorted image, sphenoid strut.

    Superior Orbital Fissures

    • Position: Prone, MSP perpendicular to IR, forehead and nose resting on IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 20-25° caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Inferior margin of the orbit, petrous ridge at or below the inferior margin of the orbits, superior orbital fissure, elongated dark areas on the medial orbits between the greater wing and sphenoid, margins of the superior orbital fissure (narrowed), 15° caudad.

    Inferior Orbital fissure (Bretel method PA axial Projection)

    • Position: Prone, MSP perpendicular to IR, forehead touching the IR, 10ML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 20 - 25° nasion cephalad, 3 in (7.6 cm) below Inion.
    • Demonstrates: Inferior Orbital Fissure. Orbital fissure between shadows of the Pterygoid Lamina (sphenoid) and condylar Process (mandible).

    EYE/ORBIT (FOREIGN BODIES Localization Method)

    Vogt Bone-Free method

    • Position: Eyes straight forward, 1st look upward-vertical, 2nd look downward, 1st look left-horizontal, 2nd look right.
    • Demonstrates: Detection of small or low density foreign particles in the anterior segment of the eyeball or eyelid (uses periapical or occlusal size dental film).

    Sweet method

    • Demonstrates: Exact location of foreign body with geometric calculation (requires device with 2 markers for positioning measurement).
      • Device: 8x10 film tunnel of the pedestal type, Lateral: 2 exposures: 1. 115-25° cephalad.

    Pfeiffer-Comberg Method

    • Demonstrates: Foreign body localization in relation to the limbus (corneoscleral junction), waters-horizontal lateral.
      • Leaded contact lens placed over the cornea.

    Lateral Projection

    • Position: Seated or Semi-prone, with the side of interest closest to the Image Receptor (IR).
    • Alignment: The Midsagittal Plane (MSP) is parallel to the IR, the IOML is parallel to the IR, and the IPL is perpendicular to the IR.
    • Well demonstrates: The Sella turcica (anterior and posterior clinoid processes), the Dorsum sellae, the greater wings of the sphenoid, the parietal bone (penetrated), with no overlap of the cervical spine by the mandible.
    • Superimposes: Orbital roofs, External Auditory Meatus (EAM), Mastoid Regions, and the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ).

    Crosstable/Robinson/Meares/GOREC Projection

    • Position: Dorsal Decubitus
    • Alignment: Affected side nearest the IR, with the MSP parallel to the IR and the IPL perpendicular to the IR.
    • Demonstration: This projection is helpful for visualizing traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion and visualizing the Foramen Ovale (FOR) for basilar fractures.

    Lateral Projection (Supine Lateral)

    • Position: Supine lateral, with the head turned towards the chosen side.
    • Alignment: The MSP is parallel to the IR and the IPL is perpendicular to the IR.
    • Support: A radiolucent pad is used to support the head.
    • Structures shown: Same as in the Lateral Projection.

    PA Projection

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP is perpendicular to the IR, OML is parallel to the IR, with the forehead resting on the IR, the nose touching the IR, and the EAM equidistant from the IR.
    • Exit point: Nasion.
    • Well demonstrates: The Frontal bone, including the orbits, petrous pyramids, crista galli, and dorsum sellae; and the sinuses: frontal sinuses and posterior ethmoidal air cells.

    PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method)

    • Position: Prone
    • Alignment: The MSP is perpendicular to the IR, the OML is parallel to the IR, with the forehead resting on the IR, the nose touching the IR, and the EAM equidistant from the IR.
    • Exit point: Nasion.
    • Well demonstrates: The petrous ridges (from the lower 1/3 of the orbits to the upper 2/3 of the orbits), and the Frontal and Anterior Ethmoidal sinuses.

    Schüller Projection

    • Angulation: 15° caudad (exit nasion), 25° caudad (exit nasion), 25 to 30° caudad (exit nasion), 20 to 25° caudad (exit mid-orbits).
    • Well demonstrates: The Rotundum foramina and the Superior Orbital fissure.

    PA/PA Axial Projection (Lateral Decubitus)

    • Position: Lateral Decubitus, used for patients unable to prone or with cervical spinal injuries. The body is supine, and the head is in a true lateral position (facing the IR).
    • Alignment: The MSP perpendicular to the IR, and the OML perpendicular to the IR.
    • PA: 15° caudad, exit nasion.

    True/Original Caldwell Method

    • Position: Prone
    • Alignment: Forehead resting on the IR, nose on the IR, GML perpendicular to the IR, and the MSP parallel to the IR.
    • Angulation: 23° caudad, exit nasion.
    • Well demonstrates: Similar structures to PA axial projection.

    AP Projection

    • Position: Supine
    • Alignment: The MSP is perpendicular to the IR and the OML is perpendicular to the IR.
    • Angulation: Perpendicular to nasion.
    • Exit: Nasion
    • Well demonstrates: A magnified PA image, also showing magnified orbits.

    AP Axial Projection

    • Position: Supine or upright.
    • Angulation: 15° cephalad (exit nasion) for supine, hypersthenic patients may be seated/upright.
    • Well demonstrates: Magnified orbits and a PA image.

    AP Axial Projection (Towne Method)

    • Position: Supine.
    • Angulation: MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML perpendicular to the IR (30° caudad); or IOML perpendicular to the IR (37° caudad).
    • Well demonstrates: SPODOP (Symmetric Petrous Pyramid, Posterior [Foramen Magnum], Posterior clinoid, Dorsum sellae [processes within foramen magnum], Posterior [Parietal bone]).

    Grashey Method

    • Angulation: 2 1/2" (6.3 cm) above the slabella to the occipital bone.

    Altschul & Towne Method (Chamberlain)

    • Angulation: 40° caudad with strong chin depression. The chin depressed, the CR to MSP is 3 inches above the eyebrows to the Foramen Magnum.
    • Well demonstrates: Used for tomographic studies of the ears, facial canal, jugular foramina, and Rotondum foramina.

    Haas Method

    • Position: Prone
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML perpendicular to the IR, the forehead resting on the IR with the nose on the IR and including the vertex of the skull.
    • Angulation: 25° cephalad (exit 1/2 in superior nasim). For Haas Method positioning, use a 25° cephalad angulation to OML.
    • Well demonstrates: Sellar structure within the Foramen Magnum (for hypersthenic patients unable to do the Towne projection), occipito-basal occipital region of the cranium, symmetric pars petrosa, dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid processes within the Foramen magnum, and the entire cranium.

    Towne-Altschul-Grashey-Chamberlaine

    • Position: AP axial projection in lateral decubitus.
    • Angulation: 40 to 60° caudad.
    • Well demonstrates: The entire Foramen Magnum.

    Pathologic or trauma

    • Position: Semisupine, with OML perpendicular to the IR.
    • Angulation: 30° caudad.
    • Well demonstrates: Pathologic conditions, traumatic deformities, and accentuated dorsal kyphosis.

    PA axial Projection (Haas Method)

    • Position: Prone
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML perpendicular to the IR, forehead resting on the IR, nose on the IR, and include the vertex of the skull. Center the IR 3 inches above the sellar region.
    • Angulation: 10° cephalad.
    • Well demonstrates: 1/2 inch below Inion (Dorsum and tuberculum sellae), Glabella (posterior and anterior clinoid processes), through the frontal bone above the ethmoidal sinus. For hypersthenic patients, the sellar structure within the Foramen Magnum.

    Cranial Base

    • Position: Supine or upright, IOML parallel to the IR, CR perpendicular to the 10ML, MSP perpendicular to the IR. Neck hyperextended. For supine positioning, rest the vertex on the IR.
    • Angulation: 10ML (Sella turcica [3/4 anterior] to EAM); 6 inches from the gonion.
    • Well demonstrates: Cranial base, foramen ovale and spinosum, symmetrical petrosae mastoid processes, carotid canals, mandible, bony nasal septum, dens (axis), occipital bone, sphenoid and ethmoidal sinuses, maxillary sinuses superimposed over the mandible, axial topography of the orbits, optic canals, ethmoid bone, maxillary sinuses, mastoid process, and the zygomatic arches.

    Verticosubmental (VSM) Projection

    • Position: Prone, MSP perpendicular to the IR, with the chin fully extended and resting on the IR.
    • Angulation: 1 to 10 ML, with the CR 3/4 inch (1.9 cm) anterior to the EAM (Sella turcica).
    • Well demonstrates: Same structures as the SMV (distorted and magnified basal structures). Useful for visualizing the anterior cranial base and sphenoid sinuses.
    • Reduces magnification. Place the throat on the IR to reduce magnification.

    Lysholm Method

    • Position: Semi-prone, MSP parallel to the IR, IOML parallel to the IR, IPL perpendicular to the IR. Angulation: 30-35° caudad, CR 1 inch distal to the lower EAM.
    • Well demonstrates: An oblique position of the lateral aspect of the cranial base (closest to the IR), dorsum sellae, labyrinth, tympanic cavity, bony pari (Eustachian) tube, and mastoid pneumatization.

    Valdini Method

    • Position: Recumbent or upright, with the upper frontal skull resting on the IR. The head is acutely flexed, with the MSP perpendicular to the IR, nasion 28 cm from the IR. IOML at 50° to the auditory canals.
    • Well demonstrates: Labyrinths of the ears, tympanic cavities, bony pari (Eustachian) tube. Above the foramen magnum shadow: dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid process. Below the foramen magnum shadow: tuberculum sellae and the anterior clinoid process.

    Lateral Projection (Sellar Region)

    • Position: Semi-prone or upright, with the head in a true lateral position.
    • Alignment: The MSP is parallel to the IR, 10 ML is parallel to the IR, and the IPL is perpendicular to the IR.
    • Angulation: 3/4 inch (1.9 cm) anterior to the EAM and 3/4 inch posterior to the EAM.
    • Well demonstrates: Lateral projection of the sellar region (no distortion or rotation), superimposed anterior and posterior clinoid processes, sphenoid sinus, and the dorsum sellae.

    Towne Method

    • Position: Supine or upright.
    • Angulation: 37° caudad (for 10ML); 30° caudad (for DML).
    • Alignment: The MSP is perpendicular to the IR, IOML is perpendicular to the IR, and the OML is perpendicular to the IR.
    • Well demonstrates:
      • 3 inches above the glabella: sellar region.
      • Petrous pyramid: 37° caudad and 10ML.
      • Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes within the Foramen magnum: 37° caudad and 10ML.
      • Dorsum and tuberculum sellae, anterior clinoid processes, above the Foramen magnum: 30° caudad and DML.

    PA axial Projection (Haas Method)

    • Position: Prone
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to the IR, DML perpendicular to the IR, forehead resting on the IR, and nose on the IR.
    • Angulation: 10° cephalad.
    • Well demonstrates: 1/2 inch below Inion (Dorsum and tuberculum sellae), Glabella (posterior and anterior clinoid processes), through the frontal bone above the ethmoidal sinus. For hypersthenic patients, use 25° cephalad angulation to OML for visualizing the sellar structure within the Foramen Magnum.

    Optic Canal and Foramen (Parieto orbital oblique Projection Rhese Method)

    • Position: Semi-prone, with the affected orbit 1 inch superior and perpendicular to the posterior aspect of the TEA, closest to the IR. Rest the zygoma, nose, and chin on the IR. The AML is perpendicular to the IR and the MSP is at 53° to the IR.
    • Well demonstrates: The affected optic canal and foramen, inferior and lateral quadrant of the affected orbit, frontal sinus, ethmoidal sinus, and sphenoidal sinus.

    PAZAM

    • Position: Prone, with the affected orbit on the IR, zygoma on the IR, AML perpendicular to the IR, and MSP at 53° to the IR.

    ORBITO-PARIETAL oblique proj. (Rhese Method)

    • Position: Supine, with the affected orbit away from the IR. The MSP is at 53° to the IR and the AML is perpendicular to the IR.
    • Well demonstrates: Inferior and lateral quadrant of the uppermost orbit, optic canal and foramen, and the inferior and lateral quadrant of the orbit.

    Reverse Parieto orbital Oblique Proj.

    • Position: Used for patients unable to prone (TOID).
    • Note: Increased patient dose..

    Alexander Method

    • Position: Supine, with the AML perpendicular to the IR, MSP at 40° to the IR, and the IR at 15° from vertical. The affected orbit is facing away from the IR.
    • Angulation: Inferior and lateral margin of the uppermost orbit.
    • Well demonstrates: Optic canal and foramen.

    Modified Lysholm Method (Eccentric Angle Parieto-Orbital Oblique Projection)

    • Position: Prone, forehead and nose resting on the IR, IOML perpendicular to the IR (20° caudad), 10ML perpendicular to the IR (30° caudad), MSP 20° from vertical.
    • Angulation: Inferior root of the lesser wing of the sphenoid.
    • Well demonstrates: Affected optic canal and foramen, orbit, anterior clinoid process (20°), superior orbital fissure (30°).

    Sphenoid Strut

    • Position: Prone, with the superciliary ridge/arch and side of the nose on the IR. The IOML is perpendicular to the IR, and the MSP is 20° toward the side of interest.
    • Angulation: 7° caudad.
    • Well demonstrates: Affected orbit, unobstructed and undistorted image of the sphenoid strut (lying between the sphenoid sinus and the combined shadows of the anterior clinoid processes and lesser wing of the sphenoid).

    Superior Orbital Fissures

    • Position: Prone, MSP perpendicular to IR, forehead and nose resting on the IR, OML perpendicular to the IR.
    • Angulation: 20-25° caudad.
    • Well demonstrates: Inferior margin of the orbit, petrous ridge at or below the inferior margin of the orbits, superior orbital fissure, elongated dark areas on the medial orbits between the greater wing and sphenoid, margins of the superior orbital fissure (narrowed), and 15° caudad.

    Inferior Orbital fissure

    • Position: Prone, MSP perpendicular to the IR, forehead and nose resting on the IR, 10ML perpendicular to the IR.
    • Angulation: 20-25° nasion cephalad, CR 3 inches (7.6 cm) below Inion.
    • Well demonstrates: Inferior Orbital fissure (between the shadows of the Pterygoid Lamina of the sphenoid and the condylar process of the mandible).

    EYE/ORBIT (FOREIGN BODIES Localization Method)

    Vogt Bone-Free Method

    • Position: Eye straight forward. 1st look: upward, vertical. 2nd look downward. 1st look left, horizontal. 2nd look right.
    • Well demonstrates: Small or low-density foreign particles in the anterior segment of the eyeball or eyelid. (Uses a periapical or occlusal size dental film).

    Sweet Method

    • Well demonstrates: The exact location of a foreign body with the use of geometric calculations.
    • Note: Requires a device with two markers for known positioning used for measurement. The device should be a localizer device with an 8x10 film tunnel of the pedestal type. Lateral positioning requires 2 exposures: 1. 115-25° cephalad.

    Pfeiffer-Comberg Method

    • Well demonstrates: Foreign body localized in relation to the limbus (the corneoscleral junction). Water's horizontal lateral. A leaded contact lens is placed over the cornea.

    Lateral Projection

    • Position: Seated or Semi-prone, with the side of interest closest to the image receptor (IR) and the head in true lateral position.
    • Alignment: MSP parallel to IR, IOML parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Sella turcica (anterior and posterior clinoid processes), dorsum sellae, greater wings of the sphenoid bone, parietal bone, without overlap of cervical vertebrae by the mandible.
    • Superimposed Structures: Orbital roofs, EAM, mastoid regions, TMJ.

    Crosstable/ Robinson/ Meares/ GOREC Projection

    • Position: Dorsal decubitus.
    • Alignment: Affected side nearest to IR, MSP parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion, basilar skull fracture.

    Lateral Projection (Supine Lateral)

    • Position: Supine with head turned toward the side of interest.
    • Alignment: MSP parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Support: Head supported with a radiolucent pad.
    • Demonstrates: Same structures as the lateral projection.

    PA Projection

    • Position: Prone
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML parallel to IR, forehead resting on IR, nose perpendicular to IR, EAM equidistant to IR.
    • Exit Point: Nasion
    • Demonstrates: Frontal bone (orbits with margins, petrous pyramids, crista galli, dorsum sellae), frontal sinuses, posterior ethmoidal air cells.

    PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method)

    • Position: Prone
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML parallel to IR, forehead resting on IR, nose perpendicular to IR, EAM equidistant to IR.
    • Exit Point: Nasion
    • Demonstrates: Petrous ridges (to lower 1/3 of orbits and upper 2/3 of orbits), frontal sinuses, anterior ethmoidal sinuses.

    Schüller Projection

    • Angulation: 15° caudad (exit nasion), 25° caudad (exit nasion), 25 to 30° caudad (exit nasion), 20 to 25° caudad (exit midorbits).
    • Demonstrates: Rotundum foramina, superior orbital fissure.

    PA/PA Axial Projection (Lateral Decubitus)

    • Position: Lateral decubitus (body supine, head in true lateral facing the IR).
    • Patient Considerations: Used for patients unable to prone or with cervical spinal injuries.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • PA: 15° caudad (exit nasion).

    True/Original Caldwell Method

    • Position: Prone
    • Alignment: Forehead resting on IR, nose perpendicular to IR, GML perpendicular to IR, MSP parallel to IR.
    • Angulation: 23° caudad (exit nasion).
    • Demonstrates: Same as PA axial.

    AP Projection

    • Position: Supine
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: Perpendicular to nasion.
    • Exit Point: Nasion
    • Demonstrates: Magnified PA image, magnified orbits.

    AP Axial Projection

    • Position: Supine or upright.
    • Angulation: 15° cephalad (exit nasion); hypersthenic patients seated/upright.
    • Demonstrates: Magnified orbits, magnified PA image.

    AP Axial Projection (Towne Method)

    • Position: Supine
    • Angulation: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR (30° caudad), IOML perpendicular to IR (37° caudad).
    • Demonstrates: Symmetric petrous pyramids, posterior foramen magnum, posterior clinoid processes, dorsum sellae (processes within foramen magnum), parietal bone.

    Grashey Method (1912 Cranium)

    • Angulation: 2 1/2 inches (6.3 cm) above slabella to the occipital bone.

    Altschul & Towne Method (Chamberlain)

    • Angulation: 40° caudad (strong depression of the chin), chin depressed - CR to MSP - 3 inches above eyebrows to the foramen magnum.
    • Demonstrates: Useful for tomographic studies, ears, facial canal, jugular foramina, rotundum foramina.

    Haas Method (PA Axial)

    • Position: Prone
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, forehead resting on IR, nose perpendicular to IR; include the vertex of the skull.
    • Angulation: 25° cephalad (exit 1/2 inch superior nasion); 25° cephalad to OML (Haas method)
    • Demonstrates: Sellar structures within foramen magnum for hypersthenic patients, occipito-basal occipital region of the cranium, symmetric pars petrosa, dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid process, within foramen magnum, entire cranium.

    Towne-Altschul-Grashey-Chamberlaine

    • Position: AP axial projection - lateral decubitus.
    • Angulation: 40 to 60° caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Entire foramen magnum.

    Pathologic or Trauma

    • Position: Semi-supine, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 30° caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Used for pathologic conditions, trauma deformities, accentuates dorsal kyphosis.

    PA Axial Projection (Haas Method)

    • Position: Prone
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, forehead resting on IR, nose perpendicular to IR, include vertex of skull, center IR 3 inches above sellar region.
    • Angulation: 10° cephalad.
    • Demonstrates: 1/2 inch below inion – dorsum and tuberculum sellae, glabella – posterior and anterior clinoid processes (through frontal bone) above ethmoidal sinus, sellar structure within foramen magnum for hypersthenic patients.

    Cranial Base

    • Position: Supine or upright, IOML parallel to IR, CR perpendicular to 10ML, MSP perpendicular to IR, neck hyperextended, vertex resting on IR (supine position can increase intracranial pressure, causing dizziness).
    • Angulation: 10ML - sella turcica (3/4 anterior) to EAM, 6 inches gonion
    • Demonstrates: Cranial base, foramen ovale and spinosum, symmetric petrosae and mastoid process, carotid canals, mandible, bony nasal septum, dens (axis), occipital bone, sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses (maxillary sinuses superimposed over mandible), axial topography of orbits, optic canals, ethmoid bone, maxillary sinuses, mastoid process, zygomatic arches.

    Verticosubmental (VSM) Projection

    • Position: Prone, MSP perpendicular to IR, fully extend chin on IR.
    • Angulation: Perpendicular to 10ML, 3/4 inch (1.9 cm) anterior to EAM (sella turcica).
    • Demonstrates: Same as SMV: distorted, magnified basal structures; useful for anterior cranial base and sphenoid sinuses.
    • Features: Reduces magnification, place throat on IR.

    Lysholm Method (Axiolateral Projection)

    • Position: Semi-prone, MSP parallel to IR, IOML parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR, 30-35° caudad, 1 inch distal to the lower EAM, DILA (10ML 50°) IAM, ETB (OML 50°) EAM.
    • Demonstrates: Oblique position of lateral of cranial base (closest to IR), dorsum sellae, labyrinth, tympanic cavity, bony pari (Eustachian) tube, and mastoid pneumatization.

    Valdini Method (PA Axial Projection)

    • Position: Recumbent or upright, resting upper frontal skull on IR, head acutely flexed, MSP perpendicular to IR (nasion 28 IR), IOML 50° (auditory canals), -10ML 50° auditory canals, 0.5 distal to nasion.
    • Demonstrates: Labyrinths of ears, tympanic cavities, bony pari (Eustachian) tube, above foramen magnum shadow: dorsum sellae, P. clinoid process, below foramen magnum shadow: tuberculum sellae, A. clinoid process.

    Lateral Projection

    • Position: Semi-prone or upright, head in true lateral.
    • Alignment: MSP parallel to IR, 10ML parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 3/4 inch (1.9 cm) anterior, 3/4 inch posterior to EAM.
    • Demonstrates: Lateral projection of sellar region (no distortion or rotation), superimposed anterior and posterior clinoid processes, sphenoid sinus, dorsum sellae.

    Towne Method (AP Axial Projection)

    • Position: Supine or upright.
    • Angulation: 37° caudad (10ML), 30° caudad (DML).
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, IOML perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: 3 inches above glabella - sellar region, petrous pyramid (37° caudad 10ML); dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid processes within foramen magnum (37° caudad 10ML); dorsum and tuberculum sellae, anterior clinoid processes, above foramen magnum (30° caudad DML).

    PA Axial Projection (Haas Method)

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, DML perpendicular to IR, forehead resting on IR, nose perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 10° cephalad.
    • Demonstrates: 1/2 inch below inion - dorsum and tuberculum sellae, glabella - posterior and anterior clinoid processes (through frontal bone) above ethmoidal sinus, 25° cephalad to OML - sellar structure within foramen magnum for hypersthenic patients.

    Optic Canal & Foramen (Parieto-Orbital Oblique Projection - Rhese Method)

    • Position: Semi-prone, affected orbit 1 inch superior and perpendicular to posterior to TEA (closest to IR), resting zygoma, nose, and chin on IR, AML perpendicular to IR, MSP 53° to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Affected optic canal and foramen, inferior and lateral quadrant of affected orbit, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses.

    PAZAM

    • Position: Prone, affected orbit perpendicular to IR, zygomatic arch, AML perpendicular to IR, MSP 53° to IR.

    ORBITO-PARIETAL Oblique Projection (Rhese Method)

    • Position: Supine, affected orbit away from IR, MSP 53° to IR, AML perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Inferior and lateral quadrant of uppermost orbit, optic canal and foramen, inferior and lateral quadrant of the orbit.

    Reverse of Parieto-Orbital Oblique Projection

    • Purpose: For patients unable to prone (TOID).
    • Note: Increased patient dose.

    Lateral Projection

    • Demonstrates sella turcica, dorsum sellae, greater wings of sphenoid bone, and parietal bone
    • Superimposition of orbital roofs, external auditory meatus, mastoid regions, and temporomandibular joint

    Crosstable/ Robinson/ Meares/ GOREC

    • Used for demonstrating traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion and fractures of the foramen ovale

    Lateral Projection (Supine Lateral)

    • Structures demonstrated are the same as the lateral projection, but the patient is positioned supine

    PA Projection

    • Demonstrates frontal bone, orbits, petrous pyramid, crista galli, dorsum sellae, frontal sinuses, and posterior ethmoidal air cells

    PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method)

    • Demonstrates petrous ridges, frontal sinuses, and anterior ethmoidal sinuses

    Schüller Projection

    • Used to demonstrate the rotundum foramina and superior orbital fissure

    PA/PA Axial Projection (Lateral Decubitus)

    • Used for patients unable to lie prone or with cervical spinal injury, demonstrating the same structures as the PA projection

    True/Original Caldwell Method

    • Demonstrates the same structures as the PA axial projection, using a 23° caudad angle

    AP Projection

    • Demonstrates a magnified PA image, with magnified orbits

    AP Axial Projection

    • Demonstrates magnified orbits and a magnified PA image

    AP Axial Projection (Towne Method)

    • Demonstrates symmetrical petrous pyramids, the posterior portion of the foramen magnum, posterior clinoid processes, dorsum sellae, and parietal bone

    Grashey Method (1912 cranium)

    • Angulation is determined by the distance between the nasion and the occipital bone

    Altschul & Towne Method (Chamberlain)

    • Used for tomographic studies, demonstrating the ears, facial canals, jugular foramina, and rotundum foramina

    Haas Method (PA Axial)

    • Demonstrates sellar structures within the foramen magnum, occipito-basal occipital region, and the entire cranium

    Towne-Altschul-Grashey-Chamberlaine

    • Demonstrates the entire foramen magnum

    Pathologic or trauma

    • Used to demonstrate pathologic conditions and trauma deformities, especially dorsal kyphosis

    PA Axial Projection (Haas Method)

    • Demonstrates dorsum and tuberculum sellae, anterior and posterior clinoid processes, and the ethmoidal sinus

    Cranial Base

    • Used to demonstrate the foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, carotid canals, the mandible, the dens of the axis, the occipital bone, sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses, orbits, optic canals, ethmoid bone, maxillary sinuses, mastoid processes, and zygomatic arches

    Verticosubmental (VSM) projection

    • Demonstrates the same structures as the SMV, but with reduced magnification

    Lysholm method (axiolateral projection)

    • Used to demonstrate the lateral cranial base, dorsum sellae, labyrinth, tympanic cavity, bony (eustachian) tube, and mastoid pneumatization

    Valdini method (PA Axial Projection)

    • Used to demonstrate the labyrinths of the ears, tympanic cavities, bony (eustachian) tube, dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid process, tuberculum sellae, and anterior clinoid process

    Lateral Projection

    • Demonstrates the sella turcica, sphenoid sinus, and dorsum sellae with no distortion or rotation

    Towne method (APaxial Projection)

    • Demonstrates the petrous pyramid, dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid processes & structures within the foramen magnum, and dorsum and tuberculum sellae

    PA axial projection (Haas Method)

    • Demonstrates the dorsum and tuberculum sellae, anterior and posterior clinoid processes, and the ethmoidal sinus

    Optic canal & Foramen (Parieto orbital oblique Projection Rhese Method)

    • Demonstrates the optic canal and foramen, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses

    PAZAM

    • Used to demonstrate the optic canal and foramen, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses

    ORBITO-PARIETAL oblique proj (Rhese Method)

    • Demonstrates the inferior and lateral quadrants of the orbit, optic canal and foramen, and sinuses

    Reverse Of Parieto orbital Oblique Proj.- (For pt who can't prone TOID)

    • Demonstrates the same structures as the original projection, with increased radiation dose

    Alexander Method (ORBITO- Parietal oblique projection)

    • Demonstrates the optic canal and foramen

    Modified Lysholm Method (Eccentric Angle Parieto-Orbital Oblique Projection)

    • Demonstrates the optic canal and foramen, the orbit, anterior clinoid process, and superior orbital fissure

    Sphenoid Strut

    • Demonstrates the sphenoid strut

    Superior Orbital Fissures

    • Demonstrates the inferior margin of the orbit, petrous ridge, superior orbital fissure, and margins of the superior orbital fissure

    Inferior Orbital fissure (Bretel method PA axial Projection)

    • Demonstrates the inferior orbital fissure

    EYE/ORBIT (FOREIGN BODIES Localizatin Method)

    Vogt Bone-Free method

    • Used to detect small, low-density foreign bodies

    Sweet method

    • Used for precise localization of foreign bodies using geometric calculations

    Pfeiffer-Comberg Method

    • Used to localize foreign bodies in relation to the limbus using a leaded contact lens

    Lateral Projection

    • Position: Seated or semi-prone with the side of interest closest to the image receptor (IR).
    • Alignment: MSP parallel to IR, IOML parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Sella turcica (anterior and posterior clinoid processes), dorsum sellae, greater wings of sphenoid, parietal bone, avoids overlap of cervical spine by the mandible.
    • Superimposed structures: Orbital roofs, external auditory meatus (EAM), mastoid regions, temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

    Crosstable/Robinson/Meares/GOREC Projection

    • Position: Dorsal decubitus with the affected side closest to the IR.
    • Alignment: MSP parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion, and fractures of the foramen ovale.

    Supine Lateral Projection

    • Position: Supine lateral with the head turned toward the side of interest.
    • Alignment: MSP parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Supports: Radiolucent pad to support the head.
    • Structures shown: Same as lateral projection.

    PA Projection

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, forehead rests on IR, nose on IR, EAM equidistant to IR.
    • Exit point: Nasion.
    • Demonstrates: Frontal bone (orbits with margins, petrous pyramid, crista galli, dorsum sellae), frontal sinuses, posterior ethmoidal air cells.

    PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method)

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, forehead rests on IR, nose on IR, EAM equidistant to IR.
    • Exit point: Nasion.
    • Demonstrates: Petrous ridges (to lower 1/3 of orbits, upper 2/3 of orbits), frontal sinus, anterior ethmoidal sinuses.

    Schüller Projection

    • Angulation: 15 to 30 degrees caudad with exit point at nasion or midorbits.
    • Demonstrates: Rotundum foramina and superior orbital fissure.

    PA/PA Axial Projection (Lateral Decubitus)

    • Position: Lateral decubitus (body supine, head in true lateral facing IR) for patients who cannot prone or have cervical spinal injury.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 15 degrees caudad with exit point at nasion.

    True/Original Caldwell Method

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: Forehead rests on IR, nose on IR, GML perpendicular to IR, MSP parallel to IR.
    • Angulation: 23 degrees caudad with exit point at nasion.
    • Same as PA axial.

    AP Projection

    • Position: Supine.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: Central ray (CR) directed to nasion.
    • Exit point: Nasion.
    • Demonstrates: Magnified PA image, magnified orbits.

    AP Axial Projection

    • Position: Supine or upright.
    • Angulation: 15 degrees cephalad with exit point at nasion (hypersthenic patients seated/upright).
    • Demonstrates: Magnified orbits, magnified PA image.

    AP Axial Projection (Towne Method)

    • Position: Supine.
    • Angulation: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR (30 degrees caudad), IOML perpendicular to IR (37 degrees caudad).
    • Demonstrates: "SPDOP" - symmetric petrous pyramid, posterior (foramen magnum), posterior clinoid, dorsum sellae (processes within foramen magnum), posterior (parietal bone).

    Grashey Method (1912 cranium)

    • Angulation: Central ray 6.3 cm (2.5 inches) above the slabella to the occipital bone.

    Altschul & Towne Method (Chamberlain)

    • Angulation: 40 degrees caudad with strong chin depression (CR directed to MSP 3 inches above eyebrows to the foramen magnum).
    • Demonstrates: Used for tomographic studies, ears, facial canal, jugular foramina, rotundum foramina.

    Haas Method (PA axial)

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, forehead rests on IR, nose on IR, include vertex of skull.
    • Angulation: 25 degrees cephalad with exit point at 1/2 inch superior to nasion (25 degrees cephalad to OML).
    • Demonstrates: Sellar structure within foramen magnum (hypersthenic patients who cannot do Towne projection), occipito-basal occipital region of cranium, symmetric structures (pars petrosa, dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid processes within foramen magnum), entire cranium.

    Towne-Altschul-Grashey-Chamberlain

    • Position: AP axial projection (lateral decubitus).
    • Angulation: 40 to 60 degrees caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Entire foramen magnum.

    Pathologic or Trauma

    • Position: Semisupine with OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 30 degrees caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Pathological conditions, trauma deformities, accentuated dorsal kyphosis.

    PA Axial Projection (Haas Method)

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, forehead rests on IR, nose on IR, include vertex of skull (center IR 3 inches above sellar region).
    • Angulation: 10 degrees cephalad.
    • Demonstrates: 1/2 inch below inion - dorsum and tuberculum sellae, glabella - posterior and anterior clinoid processes, above ethmoidal sinuses through the frontal bone, sellar structure within foramen magnum for hypersthenic patients.

    Cranial Base

    • Position: Supine or upright with IOML parallel to IR, CR perpendicular to IOML, MSP perpendicular to IR, neck hyperextended (supine - increase intracranial pressure, vertex rests on IR, may cause dizziness).
    • Angulation: 10 degrees medio-lateral (Sella Turcica (3/4 anterior) to EAM), 6 inches to gonion.
    • Demonstrates: Cranial base (foramen ovale and spinosum), symmetric petrosae mastoid processes, carotid canals, mandible, bony nasal septum, dens (axis), occipital bone, sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses (maxillary sinus superimposed over mandible), axial topography of orbits, optic canals, ethmoid bone, maxillary sinuses, mastoid processes, zygomatic arches.

    Verticosubmental (VSM) Projection

    • Position: Prone with MSP perpendicular to IR, fully extended chin resting on IR.
    • Angulation: Perpendicular to 10ML, 3/4 inch (1.9 cm) anterior to EAM (sella turcica).
    • Demonstrates: Same as SMV (distorted and magnified basal structures) - useful for anterior cranial base, sphenoid sinuses.
    • Reduces magnification when placing throat on IR.

    Lysholm Method (Axiolateral Projection)

    • Position: Semi-prone with MSP parallel to IR, IOML parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR, 30-35 degrees caudad, 1 inch distal to lower EAM, DILA (10ML 50 degrees) to IAM, ETB (OML 50 degrees) to EAM.
    • Demonstrates: Oblique position of lateral cranial base (closest to IR), dorsum sellae, labyrinth, tympanic cavity, bony pari (Eustachian) tube, mastoid pneumatization.

    Valdini Method (PA axial Projection)

    • Position: Recumbent/upright (rest upper frontal skull on IR), head acutely flexed, MSP perpendicular to IR (nasion 28 degrees to IR), IOML 50 degrees to auditory canals, -10ML 50 degrees to auditory canals (0.5 inch distal to nasion), foramen magnum.
    • Demonstrates: Labyrinths of ears, tympanic cavities, bony pari (Eustachian) tube, above foramen magnum shadow (dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid process), below foramen magnum shadow (tuberculum sellae, anterior clinoid process).

    Lateral Projection

    • Position: Semi-prone/upright with head in true lateral.
    • Alignment: MSP parallel to IR, 10ML parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 3/4 inch (1.9 cm) anterior, 3/4 inch posterior to EAM.
    • Demonstrates: Lateral projection of sellar region (no distortion or rotation), superimposed anterior and posterior clinoid processes, sphenoid sinus, dorsum sellae.

    Towne Method (AP Axial Projection)

    • Position: Supine/upright.
    • Angulation: 37 degrees caudad (10ML), 30 degrees caudad (10ML).
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, IOML perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: 3 inches above glabella - sellar region, petrous pyramid (37 degrees caudad 10ML), dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid processes within foramen magnum (37 degrees caudad 10ML), dorsum and tuberculum sellae, anterior clinoid processes, above foramen magnum (30 degrees caudad DML).

    PA Axial Projection (Haas Method)

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, DML perpendicular to IR, forehead rests on IR, nose on IR.
    • Angulation: 10 degrees cephalad.
    • Demonstrates: 1/2 inch below inion - dorsum and tuberculum sellae, glabella - posterior and anterior clinoid processes, above ethmoidal sinuses through the frontal bone, sellar structure within foramen magnum (hypersthenic patients).

    Optic Canal & Foramen (Parieto Orbital Oblique Projection - Rhese Method)

    • Position: Semi-prone (affected orbit 1 inch superior, perpendicular to posterior to EAM, closest to IR), rest zygoma, nose and chin on IR, AML perpendicular to IR, MSP 53 degrees to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Affected optic canal and foramen, inferior and lateral quadrant of affected orbit, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses.

    PAZAM

    • Position: Prone with affected orbit closest to IR, zygomatic arch closest to IR, AML perpendicular to IR, MSP 53 degrees to IR.

    Orbito-Parietal Oblique Projection (Rhese Method)

    • Position: Supine with affected orbit away from IR, MSP 53 degrees to IR, AML perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Inferior and lateral quadrant of uppermost orbit, optic canal and foramen (inferior and lateral quadrant of orbit).

    Reverse of Parieto Orbital Oblique Projection

    • For patients who cannot prone (TOID), increased radiation dose.

    Alexander Method (Orbito-Parietal Oblique Projection)

    • Position: Supine with AML perpendicular to IR, MSP 40 degrees to IR, IR 15 degrees from vertical, affected orbit away from IR.
    • Angulation: Inferior perpendicular to lateral margin of uppermost orbit.
    • Demonstrates: Optic canal and foramen.

    Modified Lysholm Method (Eccentric Angle Parieto-Orbital Oblique Projection)

    • Position: Prone with forehead and nose resting on IR, IOML perpendicular to IR (20 degrees caudad), 10ML perpendicular to IR (30 degrees caudad), MSP 20 degrees from vertical.
    • Angulation: Inferior root of lesser wing (sphenoid).
    • Demonstrates: Affected optic canal and foramen, orbit, anterior clinoid process (20 degrees), superior orbital fissure (30 degrees).

    Sphenoid Strut

    • Position: Prone with supercilliary ridge/arch and side of nose on IR, IOML perpendicular to IR, MSP 20 degrees toward side of interest (IR).
    • Angulation: 7 degrees caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Affected orbit unobstructed and undistorted, sphenoid strut (between sphenoid sinus and combined shadows of anterior clinoid processes and lesser wing of sphenoid).

    Superior Orbital Fissures

    • Position: Prone with MSP perpendicular to IR, forehead and nose on IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 20-25 degrees caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Inferior margin orbit, petrous ridge at/below inferior margin of orbits, superior orbital fissure (elongated dark areas on medial orbits between greater wing and sphenoid), margins of superior orbital fissure (narrowed), 15 degrees caudad.

    Inferior Orbital Fissure (Bretel Method PA axial Projection)

    • Position: Prone with MSP perpendicular to IR, forehead and nose on IR, 10ML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 20-25 degrees nasion cephalad (3 inches (7.6 cm) below inion).
    • Demonstrates: Inferior orbital fissure (between shadows of pterygoid lamina (sphenoid) and condylar process (mandible).

    EYE/ORBIT (FOREIGN BODIES Localization Method)

    Vogt Bone-Free Method

    • Position: Eye straight forward, 1st look upward (vertical), 2nd look downward, 1st look left (horizontal), 2nd look right.
    • Demonstrates: Detects small or low-density foreign particles in the anterior segment of the eyeball or eyelid (using periapical/occlusal size dental film).

    Sweet Method

    • Demonstrates: Exact location of foreign body (using geometric calculation).
    • Requires a device (2 markers for known position for measurement) - localizer device (8x10 film tunnel of the pedestal type).
    • Lateral: 2 exposures - 1. 115-25 degrees cephalad.

    Pfeiffer-Comberg Method

    • Demonstrates: Localizes foreign bodies in relation to the limbus (corneoscleral junction) - waters-horizontal lateral.
    • Leaded contact lens placed over cornea.

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    Skull Projection 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various cranial imaging techniques, including the Haas Method, Verticosubmental projection, and Lysholm method. This quiz covers positioning, angulation requirements, and the anatomical structures demonstrated in each method. Perfect for students in radiography or medical imaging courses.

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