CPR Guidelines & Procedures

• The pulse for an adult who may need CPR is found at the Carotid Artery.
• The pulse for an infant who may need CPR is located is at the Brachial Artery.

Heart Attack vs. Cardiac Arrest

• Symptoms of a heart attack: pressure in the shoulder, shortness of breath, nausea, light-headedness, and chest pain.
• Cardiac arrest involves heart rhythm problems, while a heart attack is related to a blood clot.

CPR Assessment

• Check for a pulse and irregular breathing to determine if a person needs CPR.

CPR Information

• Rescue breathing is needed when someone is unresponsive and not breathing.

Chest Recoil

• Chest recoil is the chest returning to its original position after a compression.
• In CPR, if chest recoil is not achieved, blood will not be pumped correctly.

Two-Person CPR

• In a two-person CPR approach, rescuers should switch roles approximately every 2 minutes.

AED Use

• When an AED arrives, put the pads on.
• To accommodate children and infants, turn the AED on.

Choking

• Care for a conscious and choking adult: use abdominal thrusts
• Care for a conscious and choking infant: administer five back blows and five chest thrusts

Unconscious Choking

• For an unconscious adult, when trying to relieve choking, check the mouth for obstructions and begin CPR.
• For an unconscious infant, gently tap the infant's back, then start CPR

Gastric Inflation

• Gastric inflation is the inflation of the stomach with air, which can occur if breaths are given too forcefully or quickly.
• Gastric inflation is minimized by head tilting and slow breaths during CPR.

Blood Flow Through the Heart

• The path of a drop of blood: vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aorta.

Splinting

• Splinting principles:
  • Splint the bone in the position it is found
  • Support the broken bone above and below
  • Minimize movement
  • Ensure the splint is appropriate for the body part
  • Be careful when wrapping distal to proximal

Shock

• Shock results from inadequate blood flow and oxygen delivery.
• Signs of shock: rapid heartbeat, weak pulse, pale skin, confusion, rapid breathing, and nausea.

Chemical Burns

• Treat chemical burns by rinsing the affected area with water for 15–20 minutes.

Burns

• First-degree burn treatment: rinse with cold water
• Second-degree burn treatment: rinse with cold water, then bandage the wound.
• Third-degree burn treatment: requires medical attention, cover the wound with a clean cloth.

Avulsion

• An avulsion is a flap of skin that has been torn loose.
• Treatment includes controlling bleeding, cleaning the wound, and not removing the flap of skin.

Contusion

• A contusion is a bruise.
• Treatment includes ice, rest, and elevation.

Laceration

• A laceration is a cut by a Sharp instrument.
• Treatment includes cleaning, stopping the bleeding, and covering it with a bandage.

Heat Related Emergencies

Knocked-Out Tooth

• Put the tooth in either their saliva or milk but don't keep the tooth in there mouth and then put pressure on the gum.

Amputated Body Part

• Control bleeding, wrap the amputated part in a clean, damp cloth or gauze, seal it in a bag, place it in a cooler, monitor the patient, transport the patient to the hospital, and call 911.

Frostbite

• Identify frostbite: changes in skin color (white, grey, yellow), numbness, tingling, or pain.
• Treat frostbite by gently warming area using lukewarm water; do not rub the area, and seek medical attention.

Good Samaritan Law

• The Good Samaritan Law protects people from legal issues when they try to save someone

Consent

• Expressed consent: can be either verbal, nonverbal, or through a gesture.
• Implied consent: the law assumes that if the person could respond, they agree to care.

Legal Definitions

• Abandonment: stopping care before it's safe to do so without a valid reason.
• Negligence: not following the accepted standard of care, resulting in further injury.
• Duty to act: the legal responsibility to take necessary actions.

Nosebleed

• Treat a nosebleed by pinching the nostrils together and applying an ice pack.

Stroke

• Symptoms of a stroke: sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech, sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes, trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination, and severe headache with no known cause.

Diabetes

• Diabetes is where someone cannot regulate blood glucose levels.
• Treat hypoglycemia by giving carbohydrates like juice, glucose tablets, or candy.

Seizure

• Help someone having a seizure: move any furniture or anything in the way, time the seizure, and do not put anything in their mouth; call 911 if longer than 5 minutes.

Abdominal Quadrants

• URQ: Right kidney, liver, gallbladder.
• ULQ: Pancreas, stomach, left kidney.
• LRQ: Appendix, intestines.
• LLQ: Rectum and intestines.

Anatomical Terms

• Anterior: the front side of your body.

• Posterior: the back side of your body.

• Superior: above or higher than another part.

• Inferior: below or lower than another part.

• Medial: closer to the center of the body.

• Lateral: farther from the center of the body.

• Proximal: closer to the point of attachment.

• Flexion: bending on a joint.

• Extension: straightening of a joint.

• Take a card and scrape it against the skin if someone got stung by a bee and the stinger remains in them.

• Signs of anaphylactic shock include redness, swelling of the face, tongue, and throat.

• PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) examples: gloves, goggles, mask.

• When taking someone's pulse, also measure the beats per min.

• Terms to describe someone's pulse: rate rhythm and quality.