CPR Guidelines for All Ages

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Questions and Answers

What must be ensured prior to transporting a patient after on-scene resuscitation?

The patient has been moved to a different location

The patient has received at least three doses of amiodarone

The patient has been stabilized and ready for immediate transport

Mechanical CPR is in place and an airway is established (correct)

When must patients in arrest remain in place without attempts at transport?

If they have received three doses of epinephrine or treatment for reversible causes (correct)

When there is a lack of personnel available for transport

Only if the patient failed to respond to treatment

If they are clinically stabilized after an initial assessment

In which scenario may clinicians consider terminating resuscitation efforts?

If the patient shows signs of ROSC

Only after transporting the patient to the hospital

When there have been extensive attempts without a response (correct)

When mechanical CPR is not available

What does ROSC stand for in the context of resuscitation protocols?

Return of Spontaneous Circulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is NOT required during on-scene resuscitation?

Immediately transporting the patient to the hospital Signup and view all the answers

What is the first action to take after arrest occurs following ROSC?

Defibrillate 1 time Signup and view all the answers

How many doses of Amiodarone may be administered after the arrest occurs following ROSC?

1 dose of 300 mg and possibly a repeat of 300 mg Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action after administering a defibrillation shock?

Resume CPR immediately for 2 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What should be done for shockable rhythms until ROSC or TOR is achieved?

Repeat defibrillation and CPR Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial dose of Amiodarone given via IV/IO after arrest following ROSC?

300 mg IV/IO push Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate dosage of magnesium sulfate for refractory VF/VT?

1-2 grams IV/IO over 2 minutes Signup and view all the answers

In what condition is sodium bicarbonate administered during cardiac arrest?

In cases of suspected acidosis or certain overdoses Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if torsades de pointes is present?

Give magnesium sulfate before amiodarone Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum duration of breaks in chest compressions during cardiac arrest for rhythm analysis?

10 seconds or less Signup and view all the answers

What age group is considered pediatric for medical arrest?

Less than 13 years of age Signup and view all the answers

What is the first action to take when a pediatric patient is found unconscious, apneic, and pulseless?

Perform high-quality chest compressions Signup and view all the answers

When should an AED be applied during pediatric cardiac arrest?

As soon as available Signup and view all the answers

What to consider when transitioning to a new treatment algorithm for a cardiac arrest patient?

The patient's response to previous medications Signup and view all the answers

Which type of clinician may administer a patient's prescribed benzodiazepine for seizures?

ALS clinicians Signup and view all the answers

What is required for a clinician to administer rescue medication not specifically mentioned in the protocols?

On-line medical direction Signup and view all the answers

For which type of patients can acetaminophen be administered according to the guidelines?

Patients with documented fever above 100.4 F Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum weight for pediatric dosing to apply?

50 kg Signup and view all the answers

What condition prevents the administration of oral medications, excluding oral glucose?

Patients with altered mental status Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary age consideration for utilizing pediatric protocols in trauma cases?

Children under 15 years old Signup and view all the answers

Which medication for adrenal insufficiency may be administered by clinicians with proper authorization?

Hydrocortisone Signup and view all the answers

For pediatric patients equal to or greater than 50 kg, what should clinicians use for medication dosing?

Adult dosing guidelines Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal maximum duration of interruptions during CPR?

10 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Mechanical CPR devices are recommended for which age group?

Adults and adolescents aged 13 and older Signup and view all the answers

During CPR, when should rhythm analysis and defibrillation preparations occur?

Simultaneously while performing CPR Signup and view all the answers

What is the compression-ventilation ratio for adults and adolescents without an advanced airway?

30:2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended rate of compressions during CPR?

100-120 compressions per minute Signup and view all the answers

For infants receiving CPR with an advanced airway, what is the recommended compression-ventilation ratio?

15:2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum depth for compressions during CPR for adults and adolescents?

2 inches (5 cm) Signup and view all the answers

In a two-rescuer scenario for children, what is the recommended compression rate?

100-120 per minute Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended reassessment frequency for unstable patients during an MCI?

Every 5 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Which priority classification dictates that patients must be taken to the closest appropriate hospital in an emergency?

Priority 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum reassessment interval for stable patients during an MCI?

Every 15 minutes Signup and view all the answers

When dealing with Priority 2 patients, what is the general destination for transport?

The closest appropriate hospital-based emergency department Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken for critical patients needing immediate care in the field?

Divert to the closest facility capable of providing interventions Signup and view all the answers

What must be done before initiating transport for patients being discharged to home or long-term care?

Reassess at both the beginning and end of transport Signup and view all the answers

Which patient classification may be transported to a freestanding emergency medical facility if stable?

Priority 3 patients Signup and view all the answers

What must the EMS Officer-in-Charge (OIC) do during an MCI regarding communications?

Designate an EMS Communicator Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an essential element to include when notifying about a patient's condition?

Assigned patient priority Signup and view all the answers

What should NOT be included when describing a patient's vital signs?

Stability of the patient Signup and view all the answers

In the context of stroke assessment, which of the following should be included in the notification?

Last known well time Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct definition of the GCS as mentioned for trauma patients?

Glasgow Coma Scale Signup and view all the answers

During a Mass Casualty Incident (MCI), what is an appropriate guideline for EMS communication?

Reserve communications strictly for emergent situations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is specifically required for trauma patients during a notification?

GCS score including motor components Signup and view all the answers

What information should be prioritized when notifying about a stroke patient?

Specific neurological findings Signup and view all the answers

For patients at a specialty center, what additional information is necessary during consultation for STEMI cases?

Duration of symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step to take upon arriving at the scene of an emergency?

Consider personal protective equipment Signup and view all the answers

What should a clinician do if a patient is identified as critically unstable?

Stop all movement of the patient Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of poor perfusion?

Warm, dry skin Signup and view all the answers

In pediatric assessments, which triangle is used to determine the patient’s condition?

Pediatric Assessment Triangle Signup and view all the answers

What should be the immediate action taken for any patient with the new onset of altered mental status?

Identify them as critically unstable Signup and view all the answers

What is the second aspect to consider after evaluating scene safety?

Determine the number of patients Signup and view all the answers

During an initial assessment, what is most important to identify?

Critically unstable patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of evaluating the mechanism of injury during patient approach?

To guide treatment decisions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of potential spinal injury in adults?

Neck pain or torticollis Signup and view all the answers

What indicator should be considered a distracting injury for assessing spinal pain?

Chest or abdominal trauma causing significant discomfort Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is included to assess risk for spinal injury in pediatric patients under 15 years old?

Substantial torso injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate action if a patient is unable to communicate regarding their spinal injury symptoms?

Apply Spinal Motion Restriction protocol Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions is a contraindication for using an infant or child car seat as a spinal immobilization device?

Patient size exceeding 50 pounds Signup and view all the answers

What should be the clinical priority for a patient with suspected spinal injury who is critically ill?

Priority 1 — Critically ill or injured requiring immediate attention Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is NOT considered a focal neurological deficit?

Nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Which injury mechanism is considered high-risk for potential spinal injuries?

High-speed motor vehicle crash over 55 mph Signup and view all the answers

When may helicopter transport generally be deemed unnecessary for trauma patients?

When the time to trauma center by ground is less than 30 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What must be provided to SYSCOM when considering aeromedical transport?

Patient's trauma decision tree category Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if transport time exceeds 10-15 minutes to a specialty center?

Consult with local trauma and specialty referral centers Signup and view all the answers

In which circumstance should isolated burn patients be transported to a burn center?

Regardless of proximity to the closest trauma center Signup and view all the answers

What should be evaluated when considering emergent versus non-emergent transportation?

Severity and urgency of the patient's condition Signup and view all the answers

Which group of patients requires specific protocol indications according to their type of injury?

Pediatric, spinal, and hand injury patients Signup and view all the answers

What type of consultation is necessary for trauma categories Charlie or Delta regarding transport?

Trauma center medical consultation Signup and view all the answers

Which situation would most likely necessitate the use of a helicopter for patient transport?

A specialized burn center is more than 30 minutes away Signup and view all the answers

What must be administered to a patient in arrest prior to any transport actions being taken?

Three doses of epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What must clinicians ensure is in place before transporting a patient after an on-scene resuscitation?

Mechanical CPR, if available Signup and view all the answers

In case of a ROSC, which protocol should be referred to next by the clinicians?

ROSC protocol Signup and view all the answers

After the initial on-scene resuscitation, what alternative option do clinicians have aside from terminating resuscitation?

Transporting the patient at any time Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor in the on-scene resuscitation process for patients with a traumatic etiology?

Implementation of trauma arrest treatments for reversible causes Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial dosage of adenosine for adults administered via rapid IV/IO?

0.1 mg/kg Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be administered if a patient presents with torsades de pointes?

Magnesium sulfate Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum dosage of magnesium sulfate that may be administered for torsades de pointes?

2 grams Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before administering amiodarone?

Obtain a 12-lead EKG Signup and view all the answers

If calculated joules settings are lower than the cardioversion device can deliver, what should be done?

Use the lowest joules setting possible Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action regarding sedation or analgesia before a procedure?

Consider sedation/analgesia based on patient status Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate response if the patient is in irregular wide complex tachycardia?

Use adenosine and consider contraindications Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum single dose of adenosine that can be given after the initial dose?

12 mg Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended chest compression rate during CPR?

100-120 per minute Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended compression depth for pediatric patients aged greater than or equal to 1 year?

2 inches (5 cm) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum acceptable interruption in chest compressions during CPR?

Less than 10 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action once an advanced airway is in place for patients less than 13 years of age?

1 ventilation every 3 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What is one role assigned to Clinician #3 or more during resuscitation?

Coordinate 2 minute cycles Signup and view all the answers

What is the required compression depth for infants during CPR?

1 ½ inches (4 cm) Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to ensure effective chest compressions during CPR?

Minimize interruptions and ensure full chest recoil Signup and view all the answers

What is the ventilation rate for adolescents aged 13 years and older when an advanced airway is in place?

1 ventilation every 3 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a patient has Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC)?

Perform a 12-lead EKG and transport to specific centers. Signup and view all the answers

If there is no ROSC, which transport protocol should be considered?

Consider the Termination of Resuscitation protocol. Signup and view all the answers

Which action is essential for patients aged 13 years and older during transport?

Application of a mechanical CPR device if available. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct compression-ventilation ratio for pediatric patients during CPR without an advanced airway?

15 compressions to 2 breaths. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action regarding airway management during transport?

Placement of an airway that facilitates ventilation by a restrained clinician. Signup and view all the answers

In pediatric cardiac arrest management, what is the role of Clinician #1?

Initiate and continue chest compressions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is NOT part of the pediatric high-performance CPR protocol?

Redirecting to adult CPR protocol. Signup and view all the answers

For patients requiring transport beyond 30 minutes to specialist centers, what is the recommendation?

Transport to the closest appropriate facility instead. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the pediatric cardiac arrest algorithm?

Coordinate high-performance CPR with multiple clinicians. Signup and view all the answers

What is required for patients in cardiac arrest before they can be transported?

Minimum of fifteen two-minute cycles of chest compressions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios does NOT exempt a patient from on-scene resuscitation?

The patient is a minor under 18 years Signup and view all the answers

For pregnant patients greater than 20 weeks gestation in cardiac arrest, what procedure should be followed?

Provide constant left lateral uterine displacement Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken after administering a defibrillation shock?

Immediately continue CPR compressions Signup and view all the answers

In pediatric cardiac arrest situations, how should medications be administered via the endotracheal tube?

Should be 10 times the IV dose for epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is a required action for patients 13 years of age and older prior to transport after on-scene resuscitation?

Ensure that a mechanical CPR device is in place Signup and view all the answers

What should clinicians do if they encounter patients in cardiac arrest due to suspected hypothermia or submersion?

Avoid resuscitation and wait for specialized help Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an appropriate treatment for patients in traumatic cardiac arrest?

Follow Trauma Protocol for reversible causes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

### CPR Guidelines: Adults and Adolescents

Compression-ventilation ratio should be 30:2 without advanced airway
Continuous compression rate should be 100-120/min
Compression depth should be at least 2 inches (5 cm)

### CPR Guidelines: Children

Compression-ventilation ratio should be 30:2 with 1 rescuer, 15:2 with 2 or more rescuers without advanced airway
Compression-ventilation ratio should be 10 breaths/min with advanced airway
Continuous compression rate should be 100-120/min
Compression depth should be at least 2 inches (5 cm)

### CPR Guidelines: Infants

Compression-ventilation ratio should be 30:2 with 1 rescuer, 15:2 with 2 or more rescuers without advanced airway
Compression-ventilation ratio should be 20 breaths/min with advanced airway
Continuous compression rate should be 100-120/min
Compression depth should be at least 1.5 inches (4 cm)

### Rescue Medications

BLS Clinicians may assist with administration of fast-acting bronchodilator MDI and sublingual nitroglycerin
ALS Clinicians may administer benzodiazepines, Factor VIII or IX for Hemophilia A or B, or reestablish IV access for vasoactive medication
Clinicians should obtain on-line medical direction to administer other rescue medications

### On-Scene Resuscitation

Patients in arrest or who arrest prior to transport and are attended to by ALS clinicians must remain in place until:
- Medical etiology patient has received three doses of epinephrine, regardless of algorithm being followed
- Traumatic etiology patient has received treatments for reversible causes per Trauma Arrest protocol
Clinicians can continue on-scene resuscitation until termination or transport the patient at any time
Ensure mechanical CPR in place and an airway facilitating ventilation during transport

### Termination of Resuscitation

Consider Termination of Resuscitation when appropriate

### Cardiac Arrest: Pediatric

Pediatric patients under 13 years (medical arrest) and 15 years (trauma arrest) who are unconscious, apneic, and pulseless
BLS Clinicians should perform high-quality uninterrupted chest compressions (manual or mechanical) as soon as possible
Apply AED as soon as available
Follow machine prompts regarding rhythm analyses and shocks
Limit breaks in compressions to 10 seconds or less for rhythm analysis periods and during shocks; perform compressions while defibrillator is charging

### Cardiac Arrest: Adult

If arrest occurs after ROSC, 2 additional doses of epinephrine may be administered
Defibrillate 1 time
Resume CPR for 2 minutes
Amiodarone 300 mg IV/IO push, may be repeated once 150 mg IV/IO push
Defibrillate 1 time
Resume CPR immediately for 2 minutes
Repeat CPR and defibrillation for shockable rhythms until ROSC or TOR
For refractory VF/VT after amiodarone, administer magnesium sulfate 1-2 grams IV/IO over 2 minutes
Sodium bicarbonate 1 mEq/kg IV/IO, only in cases of suspected acidosis, NA channel blocker (tricyclic antidepressant and phenobarbital) overdose
If torsades de pointes is present, give magnesium sulfate 1–2 grams IV/IO over 2 minutes before amiodarone
When the patient’s condition changes, indicating the transition to a new treatment algorithm, the new treatment shall take into account prior therapy

MCI

During a Mass Casualty Incident (MCI), the "Exceptional Call" box must be checked on the PCR
The EMS Officer-in-Charge (OIC) designates an EMS Communicator to establish communication
Refer to the Multiple Casualty Incident/Unusual Event Protocol
EMS clinicians may perform all skills within protocols, except for extraordinary care interventions

Reassessment

Unstable patients should be reassessed frequently (recommended every 5 minutes)
Stable patients should be reassessed at least every 15 minutes
Patients being discharged to home or long-term care should be reassessed at the beginning and end of transport, or more frequently at the clinician's discretion

Disposition

Priority 1 patients should be transported to the closest appropriate hospital-based emergency department, designated trauma, or designated specialty referral center
Priority 2 patients should be transported to the closest appropriate hospital-based emergency department, designated trauma, or designated specialty referral center, unless directed otherwise by EMS system medical consultation
Stable Priority 2 patients may be referred to a freestanding emergency medical facility
Stable Priority 3 or 4 patients who do not need time-critical intervention may be transported to the local emergency department or freestanding emergency medical facility

Scene Arrival and Size-Up

Consider Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
Consider Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Evaluate scene safety
Determine the number of patients
Consider the need for additional resources

Patient Approach

Determine the Mechanism of Injury (MOI)/Nature of Illness (NOI)
If appropriate, begin triage and initiate Mass Casualty Incident (MCI) procedures.

Initial Assessment

Rapidly develop a general impression of the patient on first contact
Identify the critically unstable patient – any patient in extremis or with imminent risk for deterioration to arrest:
New onset of altered mental status (AVPU not alert)
Airway compromise
Acute respiratory distress
Signs of poor perfusion
Any other patient judged by the clinician to be in extremis or at risk for deterioration to cardiac arrest
If a critically unstable patient is identified:
STOP ALL MOVEMENT OF PATIENT
DO NOT INITIATE TRANSPORT
PROCEED TO CRITICALLY UNSTABLE PATIENT PROTOCOL IMMEDIATELY
Use the Pediatric Assessment Triangle for pediatric patients
Appearance
Work of Breathing
Circulation to Skin

Spinal Motion Restriction

Midline spinal pain, tenderness, or deformity
Signs and symptoms of new paraplegia or quadriplegia
Focal neurological deficit
Altered mental status or disorientation
Distracting injury: Any injury (e.g., fracture, chest, or abdominal trauma) associated with significant discomfort that could potentially distract from a patient's ability to accurately discern or define spinal column pain or tenderness
Neck pain or torticollis
High-impact diving incident or high-risk motor vehicle crash (head on collision, rollover, ejected from the vehicle, death in the same crash, or speed greater than 55 mph)
Substantial torso injury
Conditions predisposing to spine injury
Infant or child car seats may not be used as a spinal immobilization device for the pediatric patient
If a patient is unable to communicate or appropriately respond, apply Spinal Motion Restriction protocol

Exposure

Remove clothing as necessary to assess patient injuries, considering condition and environment

Clinical Priority

Priority 1 - Critically ill or injured person requiring immediate attention; unstable patients with life-threatening injury or illness

Notifications and Medical Consults

Assigned patient priority (1 to 4)
Age
Chief complaint
Clinician impression
Pertinent patient signs and symptoms
HR, RR, BP, Pulse Ox
Pertinent physical findings
ETA

Specialty Center Patients

Trauma
Number of victims, if more than one
GCS including motor GCS score
Patient Trauma Decision Tree Category (Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta)
Stroke
Last known well time
Specific neurological findings (sensory, motor, cognitive)
STEMI
12-lead interpretation
Duration of symptoms

Mass Casualty Incident (MCI) Communications

When a local jurisdiction declares an MCI, it is extremely important to maximize patient care resources and reserve EMS communications for emergent situations.
TRAUMA DECISION TREE CATEGORY CHARLIE OR DELTA, RECEIVING TRAUMA CENTER MEDICAL CONSULTATION IS REQUIRED WHEN CONSIDERING WHETHER HELICOPTER TRANSPORT IS OF CLINICAL BENEFIT.
If the time of arrival at the trauma or specialty referral center via ground unit is less than 30 minutes, there will generally be no benefit in using the helicopter, especially for Trauma Decision Tree categories Charlie and Delta.
Refer to the Trauma Decision Tree when considering use of aeromedical transport, provide SYSCOM with the patient’s category (Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, or Delta).
Obtain on-line medical direction from the local trauma center and the specialty referral center when transport to the specialty center would require more than 10–15 minutes additional transport time.
Pediatric Trauma Patients: Indications as per the pediatric section of the Trauma protocols.
Spinal Trauma Patients: Indications as per Spinal Motion Restriction protocol.
Burn Patients: Indications as per Burn protocol.
Hand Injury Patients: Indications as per Hand Trauma protocol.
Special Note: Isolated burn patients without airway injury or other associated trauma should normally be flown to a burn center, regardless of the location of the closest trauma center.
- Special Note: Medevac patients with appropriate indications for hand center referral should normally be flown to the hand center, regardless of the location of the closest trauma center.

Status

Evaluate the need for emergent versus non-emergent transportation.
Do not wait on-scene for Advanced Life Support.

Adult Cardiac Arrest

Adult patients (13+ years for medical arrest, 15+ years for trauma arrest) who are unconscious, apneic, and pulseless should receive immediate high-quality chest compressions (manual or mechanical).
An Automated External Defibrillator (AED) should be applied as soon as available.
On-scene resuscitation efforts should include the following:
- Patients who are either in arrest or who experience arrest prior to transport must remain in place until the following have been accomplished:
  - Medical Etiology: Patient receives three doses of epinephrine
  - Traumatic Etiology: Patient receives treatments for reversible causes as per Trauma Arrest protocol
Clinicians may choose to continue on-scene resuscitation until termination or transport the patient.

Pediatric Cardiac Arrest

Administer epinephrine via the endotracheal route for pediatric or neonatal arrest situations only
Meds administered via the endotracheal tube route for pediatric patients should be:
- Naloxone and Atropine Sulfate: 2-2.5 times the IV dose
- Epinephrine: 10 times the IV dose (1mg/mL)
All ET medications should be diluted in 5mL of Lactated Ringer's for pediatric patients.
On-scene resuscitation for pediatric cardiac arrest patients follows the same guidelines as adults.
The patient should be transported to Children’s National Medical Center or Johns Hopkins Children’s Center by ground or medevac if ROSC occurs.
- If transport time to these destinations exceeds 30 minutes, transport to the closest appropriate facility.
If No ROSC, transport to the closest appropriate facility or consider Termination of Resuscitation protocol.

Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Algorithm (BLS)

The Pediatric High-Performance CPR (HPCPR) algorithm focuses on high-quality chest compressions (100-120 compressions per minute) with minimal interruptions
- The depth of chest compressions is crucial.
  - Less than 1 year: 1 1/2 inches (4 cm)
  - 1 year or older: 2 inches (5 cm)
The compression-to-ventilation ratio is 30:2
Minimizing any interruption of chest compressions to less than 10 seconds is crucial.
Team coordination is key.

Cardioversion

Confirm that the defibrillator is set to synchronize mode
If the calculated joules setting is lower than the cardioversion device is able to deliver, use the lowest possible joules setting or obtain medical consultation.
Consider pre-procedural sedation or analgesia if necessary. However, the patient's overall status, including blood pressure, could affect the ability to administer sedation or analgesia

Medications

Adenosine:
- Administer 0.1 mg/kg rapid IV/IO (Intravenously or Intraosseously), maximum 6 mg.
- Second and third doses can be administered at 0.2 mg/kg rapid IV/IO, maximum single dose 12 mg.
- Be prepared for up to 40 seconds of asystole (Contraindicated in polymorphic or irregular wide complex tachycardia)
Amiodarone:
- Administer 5 mg/kg IV/IO over 20 minutes (mixed in 50 - 100 mL of approved diluent)
- Obtain a 12-lead EKG prior to administration of amiodarone.
Magnesium Sulfate:
- Administer 25 mg/kg IV/IO to a maximum of 2 grams over 2 minutes for torsades de pointes

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Test your knowledge on the CPR guidelines for adults, children, and infants. This quiz covers compression-ventilation ratios, compression rates, and depths necessary for effective CPR. Perfect for healthcare professionals and first responders.