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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT listed as a metal important in catalyzing the chemistry of the cell?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a metal important in catalyzing the chemistry of the cell?
Which metal, when present in cells, is essential for catalyzing biochemical reactions?
Which metal, when present in cells, is essential for catalyzing biochemical reactions?
If a cellular process requires a metal catalyst, which of the following would be a possible candidate?
If a cellular process requires a metal catalyst, which of the following would be a possible candidate?
Which of these elements is specifically mentioned as having a catalytic role in cellular biochemistry?
Which of these elements is specifically mentioned as having a catalytic role in cellular biochemistry?
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Which of the following metals is involved in facilitating chemical reactions within cells?
Which of the following metals is involved in facilitating chemical reactions within cells?
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Which of the following best describes the linkage formed when phosphoric acid reacts with two different hydroxyl groups?
Which of the following best describes the linkage formed when phosphoric acid reacts with two different hydroxyl groups?
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What type of bond is formed when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another amino acid?
What type of bond is formed when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another amino acid?
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Which of the following best describes the bond formed between two sugar molecules?
Which of the following best describes the bond formed between two sugar molecules?
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What is the key structural feature of cystine that enables it to form disulfide bonds?
What is the key structural feature of cystine that enables it to form disulfide bonds?
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How many shared electron pairs are involved in a single covalent bond formed by a carbon atom?
How many shared electron pairs are involved in a single covalent bond formed by a carbon atom?
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Which of the following elements is NOT considered one of the six core elements primarily involved in biochemical reactions?
Which of the following elements is NOT considered one of the six core elements primarily involved in biochemical reactions?
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A carbon atom that is double bonded will exhibit which geometry?
A carbon atom that is double bonded will exhibit which geometry?
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Which type of bond allows for free rotation, influencing a molecule’s structural conformation?
Which type of bond allows for free rotation, influencing a molecule’s structural conformation?
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What is the relationship between isomers formed by molecules with double bonds?
What is the relationship between isomers formed by molecules with double bonds?
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Functional groups, which confer specific chemical properties to a molecule, include combinations of what atoms?
Functional groups, which confer specific chemical properties to a molecule, include combinations of what atoms?
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Which of the following best describes a carboxyl group and its deprotonated form?
Which of the following best describes a carboxyl group and its deprotonated form?
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What is the charge of a deprotonated phosphate group in biological conditions?
What is the charge of a deprotonated phosphate group in biological conditions?
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Which reaction results in an ester?
Which reaction results in an ester?
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A carbon atom with four single bonds will adopt which geometry?
A carbon atom with four single bonds will adopt which geometry?
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Which type of bond is capable of rotation, allowing for variable bond angles?
Which type of bond is capable of rotation, allowing for variable bond angles?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a functional group?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a functional group?
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A carbon atom in a molecule with a triple bond or two double bonds as well as 2 bonding groups (no lone pairs) would adopt which geometry?
A carbon atom in a molecule with a triple bond or two double bonds as well as 2 bonding groups (no lone pairs) would adopt which geometry?
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Which of the following functional groups contains a sulfur atom?
Which of the following functional groups contains a sulfur atom?
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Study Notes
Covalent Bonding in Biomolecules
- Some metals (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo) are vital for catalyzing cell chemistry.
- Other elements, like iodine (I), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), fluorine (F), and boron (B), have specific roles, often in hormones or ionic balance.
- Sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), and potassium (K) are crucial for the ionic balance and nerve signals.
- Six elements (H, N, C, O, P, S) form most complex biomolecules.
- Covalent bonds form when atoms share electron pairs.
- Covalent bonds are strong, have defined lengths, and have defined directions.
- Hydrogen (H) forms 1 bond.
- Oxygen (O) forms 2 bonds.
- Nitrogen (N) forms 3 bonds.
- Carbon (C) forms 4 bonds.
- Sulfur (S) forms 2 bonds.
- Phosphorus (P) forms 5 bonds.
Geometry of Carbon Bonds
- Single-bonded carbon atoms have a tetrahedral arrangement (109.5°).
- Double-bonded carbon atoms have a trigonal planar arrangement (120°).
- Bonds in the plane of the page are shown as regular lines.
- Bonds coming towards the viewer are shown as solid wedges.
- Bonds behind the plane are shown as dashed wedges.
Functional Groups
- Hydrocarbons alone don't typically react.
- Functional groups are attachments to hydrocarbon chains that change their properties.
- Common functional groups include: oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus atoms.
- Alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes, ketones or carboxylic acids.
- Carboxylic acids can release hydrogen (H+) ions, making them acids.
- Acyl groups are part of larger carboxylic acids.
- Amino groups are basic and often carry a positive charge (NH₃⁺).
- Phosphate groups are highly acidic and negatively charged (O−P=OO−).
- Functional groups like hydroxyl, aldehyde, ketone, acetyl, sulfhydryl, and phosphate groups are vital parts of biomolecules.
Common Linking Bonds in Biomolecules
- Esters: Formed by a carboxylic acid and an alcohol and are common in lipids.
- Phosphodiesters: Formed by phosphoric acid and two different hydroxyl groups.
- Phosphoric acid: Linking two hydroxyl groups.
- Phosphodiesters and anhydrides: Important in energy transfer, exemplified by ATP.
- Anhydrides: Formed from two carboxylic acids and are important in biochemical reactions.
- Thiols: Can form thioesters like acetyl CoA.
- Disulfide bonds: Formed by linking two sulfhydryl groups.
Glycosidic Bonds
- Amino acids join to form polypeptide chains via peptide bonds.
- Two hydroxy groups join via condensation to form an ether linkage/ glycosidic bond.
- The glycosidic bond is essential for linking sugar molecules.
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Description
Explore the essential roles and structures of covalent bonds in biomolecules. This quiz covers key elements, their bonding patterns, and the geometry of carbon bonds, enhancing your understanding of molecular biology.
