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Questions and Answers
When sharing of electrons occurs, the attachment between atoms is called?
When sharing of electrons occurs, the attachment between atoms is called?
covalent bond
In a covalent bond, the dissociation energy is released in the process of?
In a covalent bond, the dissociation energy is released in the process of?
exothermic reaction
When 2 or more atoms bond by means of electron sharing, the result is?
When 2 or more atoms bond by means of electron sharing, the result is?
a molecule
Shared electrons are centered between the 2 atoms in covalent bonding, the attachment is called?
Shared electrons are centered between the 2 atoms in covalent bonding, the attachment is called?
In covalent bonding, where there is an overlap of parallel orbitals, this type of attachment occurs?
In covalent bonding, where there is an overlap of parallel orbitals, this type of attachment occurs?
In what form do electrons such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen normally occur?
In what form do electrons such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen normally occur?
How many electrons are shared in a double covalent bond?
How many electrons are shared in a double covalent bond?
Bond length is the distance between?
Bond length is the distance between?
Which form of relationships relating to bond length is normally correct?
Which form of relationships relating to bond length is normally correct?
Binary molecular compounds are generally composed of a metal and a nonmetal.
Binary molecular compounds are generally composed of a metal and a nonmetal.
The 2nd element in the formula of a binary compound is named using the suffix -ite.
The 2nd element in the formula of a binary compound is named using the suffix -ite.
The prefix 'tetra-' means 3 atoms.
The prefix 'tetra-' means 3 atoms.
The prefix 'hexa-' means 6 atoms.
The prefix 'hexa-' means 6 atoms.
When naming the 1st element in a formula, the prefix 'mono-' is not used.
When naming the 1st element in a formula, the prefix 'mono-' is not used.
For binary acids, the hydrogen part of the compound is named using the prefix 'hydro-'.
For binary acids, the hydrogen part of the compound is named using the prefix 'hydro-'.
An oxyacid contains 2 elements.
An oxyacid contains 2 elements.
If the name of the anion of an oxyacid ends in '-ate', the acid name ends in '-ous'.
If the name of the anion of an oxyacid ends in '-ate', the acid name ends in '-ous'.
What is CO?
What is CO?
What is CO2?
What is CO2?
What is H2CO3?
What is H2CO3?
What is NH3?
What is NH3?
What is N2O4?
What is N2O4?
What is HNO2?
What is HNO2?
What is HNO3?
What is HNO3?
What is HBr?
What is HBr?
What is HBrO3?
What is HBrO3?
A structural formula shows the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule.
A structural formula shows the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule.
The central atom in a molecule is the one with the higher electron affinity.
The central atom in a molecule is the one with the higher electron affinity.
In molecules, hydrogen is always a terminal atom.
In molecules, hydrogen is always a terminal atom.
The number of bonding pairs in a molecule is equal to the number of electrons.
The number of bonding pairs in a molecule is equal to the number of electrons.
To find the total number of electrons available for bonding in a + ion, you should add the ion charge to the total number of valence electrons of the atoms present.
To find the total number of electrons available for bonding in a + ion, you should add the ion charge to the total number of valence electrons of the atoms present.
The electrons in a coordinate covalent bond are donated by both the bonded atoms.
The electrons in a coordinate covalent bond are donated by both the bonded atoms.
Resonance occurs when more than 1 valid Lewis structure can be written for a molecule.
Resonance occurs when more than 1 valid Lewis structure can be written for a molecule.
Nitrate is an example of an ion that forms resonance structures.
Nitrate is an example of an ion that forms resonance structures.
The carbon dioxide molecule contains 2 double bonds.
The carbon dioxide molecule contains 2 double bonds.
All electrons in an atom are available for bonding.
All electrons in an atom are available for bonding.
In the sulfate ion (SO4^2-), 32 electrons are available for bonding.
In the sulfate ion (SO4^2-), 32 electrons are available for bonding.
When carbon and oxygen bond, the molecule contains 10 pairs of bonding electrons.
When carbon and oxygen bond, the molecule contains 10 pairs of bonding electrons.
What is O3?
What is O3?
What is BF3?
What is BF3?
What is NO?
What is NO?
What is SF6?
What is SF6?
What determines molecular shape?
What determines molecular shape?
Bond angle is an angle between?
Bond angle is an angle between?
VSEPR model is based on what idea?
VSEPR model is based on what idea?
What is a tetrahedral molecule?
What is a tetrahedral molecule?
What is a linear molecule?
What is a linear molecule?
What is a trigonal pyramidal molecule?
What is a trigonal pyramidal molecule?
What is hybridization?
What is hybridization?
In hybridization?
In hybridization?
What is sp3?
What is sp3?
What is electronegativity?
What is electronegativity?
What is the element with the highest electronegativity and its numerical value?
What is the element with the highest electronegativity and its numerical value?
Name and group number of the family with the highest overall electronegativities.
Name and group number of the family with the highest overall electronegativities.
What is the element with the lowest electronegativity and its numerical value?
What is the element with the lowest electronegativity and its numerical value?
Name and group number of the chemical family that has the lowest overall electronegativities.
Name and group number of the chemical family that has the lowest overall electronegativities.
Ionic compounds are usually soluble in polar substances.
Ionic compounds are usually soluble in polar substances.
In a covalent molecular compound, the attraction between molecules tends to be strong.
In a covalent molecular compound, the attraction between molecules tends to be strong.
Polarity: polar covalent bond
Polarity: polar covalent bond
Polarity: ionic bond
Polarity: ionic bond
Polarity: Difference of 1.7
Polarity: Difference of 1.7
Symbol for the less negative atom in a polar covalent bond?
Symbol for the less negative atom in a polar covalent bond?
A nonpolar covalent bond is one that?
A nonpolar covalent bond is one that?
Molecules containing only polar covalent bonds?
Molecules containing only polar covalent bonds?
What factor other than electronegativity determines whether a molecule as a whole is polar or not?
What factor other than electronegativity determines whether a molecule as a whole is polar or not?
Best description of the compound of water, H2O?
Best description of the compound of water, H2O?
Best description of the compound of tetrachloride, CCl4?
Best description of the compound of tetrachloride, CCl4?
A molecule of ammonia, NH3, is?
A molecule of ammonia, NH3, is?
Study Notes
Covalent Bonding Fundamentals
- A covalent bond forms when atoms share electrons, creating an attachment.
- Exothermic reactions occur when dissociation energy is released in covalent bonding.
- Atoms bonded through electron sharing result in a molecule.
Bond Types
- A sigma bond is characterized by shared electrons centered between two atoms.
- A pi bond arises from the overlap of parallel orbitals in covalent bonding.
Common Molecular Forms
- Hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen typically exist as diatomic molecules (2 atoms).
Bonding Characteristics
- In a double covalent bond, a total of four electrons are shared.
- Bond length refers to the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.
- Generally, the relationship between bond length and strength is shorter bonds are stronger.
Naming Compounds
- Binary molecular compounds consist of nonmetals only, not metals.
- The second element in a binary compound name typically ends with the suffix -ide, not -ite.
- The prefix "tetra-" indicates four atoms, while "hexa-" indicates six.
- "Mono-" is not used for the first element in a compound name.
- For binary acids, the prefix "hydro-" is used for the hydrogen component.
- Oxyacids contain at least three elements, contradicting the idea that they have only two.
Notable Chemical Compounds
- CO is carbon monoxide.
- CO2 is carbon dioxide.
- H2CO3 is carbonic acid.
- NH3 is ammonia.
- N2O4 is dinitrogen tetroxide.
- HNO2 is nitrous acid.
- HNO3 is nitric acid.
- HBr is hydrobromic acid.
- HBrO3 is bromic acid.
Molecular Geometry and Structure
- A structural formula illustrates the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
- The central atom in a molecule is not necessarily the one with the highest electron affinity.
- In molecules, hydrogen is usually a terminal atom and does not serve as a central atom.
- The number of bonding pairs does not equal the number of electrons but is determined by electron arrangements.
Electron Availability and Resonance
- Calculate total electrons available for bonding in a positive ion by subtracting the charge from total valence electrons.
- A coordinate covalent bond involves electrons donated by only one atom.
- Resonance occurs when multiple valid Lewis structures can be drawn for a molecule.
- An example of resonance can be seen in the nitrate ion.
Specific Molecule Characteristics
- O3 has more than one valid Lewis structure.
- BF3 has fewer than eight electrons around its central atom.
- NO has an odd number of valence electrons.
- SF6 has more than eight electrons around its central atom.
- The VSEPR model determines molecular shapes based on electron pair repulsion.
Bonding Models and Hybridization
- Bond angle is formed between two terminal atoms and the central atom in a molecule.
- The VSEPR model is founded on the principle that shared and unshared electron pairs repel each other.
- A tetrahedral molecule has a central atom with four pairs of bonding electrons.
- A linear molecule features two covalent single bonds with no lone pairs on the central atom.
- A trigonal pyramidal molecule consists of three single covalent bonds and one lone pair on the central atom.
- Hybridization creates new orbitals from the rearrangement of valence electrons, commonly involving carbon.
Electronegativity
- Electronegativity is the atom's ability to attract electrons.
- Fluorine has the highest electronegativity at 3.98.
- Francium has the lowest electronegativity at 0.7.
- Halogens (Group 7A) have the highest overall electronegativities while alkali metals (Group 1A) show the lowest.
Polarity and Molecular Behavior
- Ionic compounds typically dissolve in polar substances.
- In covalent molecular compounds, intermolecular attractions tend to be weak.
- A polar covalent bond features unequal sharing of electrons.
- An ionic bond forms between atoms with significantly differing electronegativities.
- An electronegativity difference of 1.7 often separates covalent and ionic bonding.
- Nonpolar covalent bonds have electrons shared equally.
- Molecules containing only polar covalent bonds can be polar or nonpolar based on molecular geometry.
Specific Molecular Descriptions
- Water (H2O) is described as polar overall, possessing polar covalent bonds.
- Tetrachloride (CCl4) is nonpolar despite having polar covalent bonds.
- Ammonia (NH3) is polar due to its geometry and electronegativity differences.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of covalent bonding concepts with this flashcard quiz based on Chapter 8 of the McGraw Hill textbook. Explore important terms like covalent bonds, molecules, and exothermic reactions to enhance your understanding of how atoms interact through electron sharing.
