Chemistry Chapter 8 Covalent Bonding Quiz
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Questions and Answers

When sharing of electrons occurs, the attachment between atoms is called?

covalent bond

In a covalent bond, the dissociation energy is released in the process of?

exothermic reaction

When 2 or more atoms bond by means of electron sharing, the result is?

a molecule

Shared electrons are centered between the 2 atoms in covalent bonding, the attachment is called?

<p>a sigma bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

In covalent bonding, where there is an overlap of parallel orbitals, this type of attachment occurs?

<p>pi bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what form do electrons such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen normally occur?

<p>as molecules containing 2 atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons are shared in a double covalent bond?

<p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bond length is the distance between?

<p>the nuclei of 2 attached atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of relationships relating to bond length is normally correct?

<p>shorter = stronger</p> Signup and view all the answers

Binary molecular compounds are generally composed of a metal and a nonmetal.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 2nd element in the formula of a binary compound is named using the suffix -ite.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The prefix 'tetra-' means 3 atoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The prefix 'hexa-' means 6 atoms.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

When naming the 1st element in a formula, the prefix 'mono-' is not used.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

For binary acids, the hydrogen part of the compound is named using the prefix 'hydro-'.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

An oxyacid contains 2 elements.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the name of the anion of an oxyacid ends in '-ate', the acid name ends in '-ous'.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is CO?

<p>carbon monoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is CO2?

<p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is H2CO3?

<p>carbonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NH3?

<p>ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is N2O4?

<p>dinitrogen tetroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is HNO2?

<p>nitrous acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is HNO3?

<p>nitric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is HBr?

<p>hydrobromic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is HBrO3?

<p>bromic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

A structural formula shows the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The central atom in a molecule is the one with the higher electron affinity.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

In molecules, hydrogen is always a terminal atom.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of bonding pairs in a molecule is equal to the number of electrons.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

To find the total number of electrons available for bonding in a + ion, you should add the ion charge to the total number of valence electrons of the atoms present.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The electrons in a coordinate covalent bond are donated by both the bonded atoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Resonance occurs when more than 1 valid Lewis structure can be written for a molecule.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrate is an example of an ion that forms resonance structures.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The carbon dioxide molecule contains 2 double bonds.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

All electrons in an atom are available for bonding.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sulfate ion (SO4^2-), 32 electrons are available for bonding.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

When carbon and oxygen bond, the molecule contains 10 pairs of bonding electrons.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is O3?

<p>more than one valid Lewis structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is BF3?

<p>fewer than 8 electrons around central atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NO?

<p>odd number of valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is SF6?

<p>more than 8 electrons around central atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines molecular shape?

<p>VSEPR model</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bond angle is an angle between?

<p>2 terminal atoms and the central atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

VSEPR model is based on what idea?

<p>shared and unshared electron pairs repel each other as much as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tetrahedral molecule?

<p>molecule shape that has a central atom with 4 pairs of bonding electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a linear molecule?

<p>molecule shape that has 2 covalent single bonds and no lone pairs on the central atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a trigonal pyramidal molecule?

<p>molecule shape that has 3 single covalent bonds and 1 lone pair on the central atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hybridization?

<p>the formation of new orbitals from a combination or rearrangement of valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

In hybridization?

<p>orbitals are identical to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sp3?

<p>atom combining 3 p orbitals and its 1 s orbital in hybridization. Example of this is methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is electronegativity?

<p>the tendency of an atom to attract electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the element with the highest electronegativity and its numerical value?

<p>fluorine; 3.98</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name and group number of the family with the highest overall electronegativities.

<p>halogens, group 7A</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the element with the lowest electronegativity and its numerical value?

<p>francium; 0.7</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name and group number of the chemical family that has the lowest overall electronegativities.

<p>alkali metals; Group 1A</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ionic compounds are usually soluble in polar substances.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a covalent molecular compound, the attraction between molecules tends to be strong.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polarity: polar covalent bond

<p>unequal sharing of electrons between the 2 bonded atoms always indicates this</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polarity: ionic bond

<p>when electronegativities of 2 bonded atoms differ greatly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polarity: Difference of 1.7

<p>electronegativity difference that usually is the dividing line between covalent and ionic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symbol for the less negative atom in a polar covalent bond?

<p>has a + sign; opposite so the more negative has a -</p> Signup and view all the answers

A nonpolar covalent bond is one that?

<p>has electrons that are shared equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

Molecules containing only polar covalent bonds?

<p>may or may not be polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor other than electronegativity determines whether a molecule as a whole is polar or not?

<p>its geometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

Best description of the compound of water, H2O?

<p>polar overall, with polar covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Best description of the compound of tetrachloride, CCl4?

<p>nonpolar overall, with polar covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

A molecule of ammonia, NH3, is?

<p>polar because there is an electronegativity difference &amp; the molecule is trigonal pyramid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Covalent Bonding Fundamentals

  • A covalent bond forms when atoms share electrons, creating an attachment.
  • Exothermic reactions occur when dissociation energy is released in covalent bonding.
  • Atoms bonded through electron sharing result in a molecule.

Bond Types

  • A sigma bond is characterized by shared electrons centered between two atoms.
  • A pi bond arises from the overlap of parallel orbitals in covalent bonding.

Common Molecular Forms

  • Hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen typically exist as diatomic molecules (2 atoms).

Bonding Characteristics

  • In a double covalent bond, a total of four electrons are shared.
  • Bond length refers to the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.
  • Generally, the relationship between bond length and strength is shorter bonds are stronger.

Naming Compounds

  • Binary molecular compounds consist of nonmetals only, not metals.
  • The second element in a binary compound name typically ends with the suffix -ide, not -ite.
  • The prefix "tetra-" indicates four atoms, while "hexa-" indicates six.
  • "Mono-" is not used for the first element in a compound name.
  • For binary acids, the prefix "hydro-" is used for the hydrogen component.
  • Oxyacids contain at least three elements, contradicting the idea that they have only two.

Notable Chemical Compounds

  • CO is carbon monoxide.
  • CO2 is carbon dioxide.
  • H2CO3 is carbonic acid.
  • NH3 is ammonia.
  • N2O4 is dinitrogen tetroxide.
  • HNO2 is nitrous acid.
  • HNO3 is nitric acid.
  • HBr is hydrobromic acid.
  • HBrO3 is bromic acid.

Molecular Geometry and Structure

  • A structural formula illustrates the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
  • The central atom in a molecule is not necessarily the one with the highest electron affinity.
  • In molecules, hydrogen is usually a terminal atom and does not serve as a central atom.
  • The number of bonding pairs does not equal the number of electrons but is determined by electron arrangements.

Electron Availability and Resonance

  • Calculate total electrons available for bonding in a positive ion by subtracting the charge from total valence electrons.
  • A coordinate covalent bond involves electrons donated by only one atom.
  • Resonance occurs when multiple valid Lewis structures can be drawn for a molecule.
  • An example of resonance can be seen in the nitrate ion.

Specific Molecule Characteristics

  • O3 has more than one valid Lewis structure.
  • BF3 has fewer than eight electrons around its central atom.
  • NO has an odd number of valence electrons.
  • SF6 has more than eight electrons around its central atom.
  • The VSEPR model determines molecular shapes based on electron pair repulsion.

Bonding Models and Hybridization

  • Bond angle is formed between two terminal atoms and the central atom in a molecule.
  • The VSEPR model is founded on the principle that shared and unshared electron pairs repel each other.
  • A tetrahedral molecule has a central atom with four pairs of bonding electrons.
  • A linear molecule features two covalent single bonds with no lone pairs on the central atom.
  • A trigonal pyramidal molecule consists of three single covalent bonds and one lone pair on the central atom.
  • Hybridization creates new orbitals from the rearrangement of valence electrons, commonly involving carbon.

Electronegativity

  • Electronegativity is the atom's ability to attract electrons.
  • Fluorine has the highest electronegativity at 3.98.
  • Francium has the lowest electronegativity at 0.7.
  • Halogens (Group 7A) have the highest overall electronegativities while alkali metals (Group 1A) show the lowest.

Polarity and Molecular Behavior

  • Ionic compounds typically dissolve in polar substances.
  • In covalent molecular compounds, intermolecular attractions tend to be weak.
  • A polar covalent bond features unequal sharing of electrons.
  • An ionic bond forms between atoms with significantly differing electronegativities.
  • An electronegativity difference of 1.7 often separates covalent and ionic bonding.
  • Nonpolar covalent bonds have electrons shared equally.
  • Molecules containing only polar covalent bonds can be polar or nonpolar based on molecular geometry.

Specific Molecular Descriptions

  • Water (H2O) is described as polar overall, possessing polar covalent bonds.
  • Tetrachloride (CCl4) is nonpolar despite having polar covalent bonds.
  • Ammonia (NH3) is polar due to its geometry and electronegativity differences.

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Test your knowledge of covalent bonding concepts with this flashcard quiz based on Chapter 8 of the McGraw Hill textbook. Explore important terms like covalent bonds, molecules, and exothermic reactions to enhance your understanding of how atoms interact through electron sharing.

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