Pharmacology TEST 1 Chapter 1,2,3,4,5,7

To identify factors related to the patient's response to illness, injury, medications, or significant change

An actual response of the patient to illness, injury, medications, or significant change

Clues, cues, evidence, and/or data that support the nurse’s claim about the patient's health status

Factors related to the patient's response

It lists clues, cues, evidence, and/or data that support the nurse’s claim about the patient's health status

Bioavailability

Maintenance therapy

Half-life

Toxicity

Dependence

Therapeutic index

Pharmacologic reaction

Mutagenic effects

Prophylactic therapy

Idiosyncratic reaction

To make the patient as comfortable as possible

Drug interaction

To improve health outcomes through interprofessional education

Patient's height, weight, and allergies

To fulfill/alter human needs based on objective and subjective data

Implementation

Monitoring whether patient outcomes are met as related to the human need statements

Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm

Identifying outcomes that are patient-oriented and provide time frames

To deliver thorough, individualized, and quality nursing care to patients

Diagnosis / Human Need Statements

A statement of human response to illness, injury, medications, or significant change

Identifying outcomes that are patient-oriented and provide time frames

Immature liver leading to reduced first-pass elimination

Greater total body water and lower fat content

Older children require higher doses of drugs compared to infants

Decreased glomerular filtration rate

Reduced blood flow to the liver

Older adults have decreased protein binding of drugs leading to higher circulation of free drugs

Body of knowledge for understanding cultural factors on patient drug response

To determine the optimal dosage range and pharmacokinetics of the drug

Voluntary agreement by the patient and at least one witness

Laboratory testing using both in vitro and animal studies

Phase I studies

Specific genetic traits affecting drug response

To gather data for at least 2 years after the drug’s release

To indicate that serious adverse effects have been reported with the drug

The use of the drug product may result in temporary or medically reversible health effects

State and federal legislation

Autonomy

The failure to act in a reasonable and prudent manner

To address safety issues and prevent future incidents

'T.A.C.I.T.' mnemonic

Extensive skin and nerve damage resulting from negligence

'Legal and ethical principles'

The use of the drug product is not likely to result in any significant health problems.

The failure to notice signs and symptoms that require immediate attention.

Pharmaceutics

Idiosyncratic reaction

Pharmacokinetics

Cancer drugs

Liver

Pharmacologic responses

Affinity

Pharmacotherapeutics

The study of drug sources in nature

Medication reconciliation

Interacting with enzymes only

Part 1 "Altered Safety Needs, risk for injury" = is the statement of the human response of the patient to illness, injury, medications, or significant change. This can be an actual response, an increased risk, or an opportunity to improve the patient’s health status. Part 2 related to = This portion of the statement identifies factors related to the response; it often includes multiple factors with some degree of connection between them. The human need statement does not necessarily claim that there is a cause-and-effect link between these factors and the response, only that there is a connection. Part 3 as evidenced by = This statement lists clues, cues, evidence, and/or data that support the nurse’s claim that the human need statement is accurate. A human needs statement = is the same as a Nursing Diagnosis

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evaluation

Adverse drug event = Any undesirable occurrence related to administration of or failure to administer a prescribed medication. Adverse drug reaction = Unexpected, unintended, or excessive responses to medications given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose); one type of adverse drug event. Allergic reaction = An immunologic reaction resulting from an unusual sensitivity of a patient to a certain medication; a type of adverse drug event and a subtype of adverse drug reactions. Idiosyncratic reaction = Any abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient.

Medical errors = A broad term used to refer to any errors at any point in patient care that cause or have the potential to cause patient harm. Medication errors = Any preventable adverse drug events involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; they may or may not cause the patient harm. Medication reconciliation = A procedure to maintain an accurate and up-to-date list of medications for all patients between all phases of health care delivery. Pharmaceutics = The study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body.

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absorption = is the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream for distribution to the tissues. distribution = Refers to the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action. (Keep in mind: drugs are distributed first to those areas with extensive blood supply. Areas of rapid distribution include the heart, liver, kidneys, and brain. Areas of slower distribution include muscle, skin, and fat metabolism = The organ most responsible for the metabolism of drugs is the liver. Other metabolic tissues include skeletal muscle, kidneys, lungs, plasma, and intestinal mucosa excretion = is the elimination of drugs from the body. The primary organ responsible for this elimination is the kidney.

pharmaceutics = The study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body. pharmacokinetics = Is the study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body. pharmacodynamics = The study of what the drug does to the body pharmacogenomics = is the study of how certain genetic traits affect drug response

all of the above

 Receptor Interactions- = A receptor can be defined as a reactive site on the surface or inside of a cell. If the mechanism of action of a drug involves a receptor interaction, then the molecular structure of the drug is critical. Drug-receptor interaction is the joining of the drug molecule with a reactive site on the surface of a cell or tissue. Most commonly, this site is a protein structure within the cell membrane. Once a drug binds to and interacts with the receptor, a pharmacologic response is produced.  Enzyme Interactions- = Enzymes are the substances that catalyze nearly every biochemical reaction in a cell. Drugs can produce effects by interacting with these enzyme systems. For a drug to alter a physiologic response in this way, it may either inhibit (more common) or enhance (less common) the action of a specific enzyme. This process is called selective interaction.  Nonselective Interactions- = Drugs with nonspecific mechanisms of action do not interact with receptors or enzymes. Instead, their main targets are cell membranes N/A = N/A

Pharmacotherapeutics = The clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases. Defines principles of drug actions—the cellular processes that change in response to the presence of drug molecules. Drugs are organized into pharmacologic classes. Pharmacognosy = The source of all early drugs was nature, and the study of these natural drug sources (plants and animals) is called pharmacognosy. Pharmacoeconomics = Study of the economic factors influencing the cost of drug therapy. Example: is performing a cost-benefit analysis of one antibiotic versus another when competing drugs are considered for inclusion in a hospital formulary n/a = n/a

steady state = Physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to amount of drug absorbed with each dose. bioavailability = Is the term used to express the extent of drug absorption available. first-pass effect = occurs when a large proportion of a drug is chemically changed into inactive metabolites by the liver. half-life = is the time required for half (50%) of a given drug to be removed from the body. Measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated from the body. After approximately five half-lives, most drugs are considered to be effectively removed from the body.

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acute therapy = often involves more intensive drug treatment and is implemented in the acutely ill or the critically ill. It is often needed to sustain life or treat disease. Examples are the administration of vasopressors to maintain blood pressure, the use of volume expanders for a patient who is in shock, and intensive chemotherapy for a patient with newly diagnosed cancer. maintenance therapy = It is used for the treatment of chronic illnesses such as hypertension. supplemental/replacement therapy = supplies the body with a substance needed to maintain normal function. Examples are the administration of insulin to diabetic patients and of iron to patients with iron-deficiency anemia. palliative therapy = to make the patient as comfortable as possible. Palliative therapy focuses on providing patients with relief from the symptoms, pain, and stress of a serious illness. The goal is to improve quality of life for both the patient and the family. It is typically used in the end stages of an illness when attempts at curative therapy have failed;

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psychological dependence

physical dependence

additive effects = 1+1 is equal to 2 antagonistic effects = 1+1 is less than 2. think antidotes synergistic effects = 1+1 is greater than 2 incompatibility = not compatible

Phase I = studies usually involve small numbers of healthy subjects rather than those who have the disease that the new drug is intended to treat. The purpose of phase I studies is to determine the optimal dosage range and the pharmacokinetics of the drug and to ascertain if further testing is needed. Blood tests, urinalyses, assessments of vital signs, and specific monitoring tests are also performed. Phase II = studies involve small numbers of volunteers who have the disease that the drug is designed to diagnose or treat. Study participants are closely monitored to determine the drug’s effectiveness and identify any adverse effects. Therapeutic dosage ranges are refined during this phase. If no serious adverse effects occur, the study can progress to phase III. Phase III = studies involve large numbers of patients who are followed by medical research centers and other types of health care entities. The purpose of this larger sample size is to provide information about infrequent or rare adverse effects that may not yet have been observed during previous smaller studies. Information obtained during this clinical phase helps identify any risks associated with the new drug. Placebos may be given. Phase IV = studies are postmarketing studies that are voluntarily conducted by pharmaceutical companies to obtain further proof of the therapeutic and adverse effects of the new drug. Data from these studies are gathered for at least 2 years after the drug’s release. Often these studies compare the safety and efficacy of the new drug with that of another drug in the same therapeutic category.

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Class I = The most serious type of recall—use of the drug product carries a reasonable probability of serious adverse health effects or death. Class II = Less severe—use of the drug product may result in temporary or medically reversible health effects, but the probability of lasting major adverse health effects is low. Class III = Least severe—use of the drug product is not likely to result in any significant health problems. N/A = N/A

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okay, i dont mind helping you out but I will draw up the medication myself

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