29 Questions
What was the gross NHS expenditure in 2008/9 as a percentage of GDP?
8%
What is driving the demand for healthcare services according to the text?
Increased incidence and prevalence of cancer
Why do healthcare systems worldwide face the problem of allocating limited resources?
Rising healthcare expenditure worldwide
What will be the number of over 75s by 2031 according to the text?
8.2 million
What is one of the factors contributing to the costs of new technology according to the text?
High expense of new cancer therapies
What is the main purpose of priority setting in healthcare, according to the text?
To focus on treatments that improve the quality and/or length of someone’s life
Which of the following is a level of rationing in the health system mentioned in the text?
How much to allocate to specific interventions within sectors
What are the two forms of rationing mentioned in the text?
Explicit and implicit
Why is health economics important, according to the text?
To make some principles for resource allocation explicit
What are the advantages of explicit rationing, as mentioned in the text?
Transparent, accountable, and opportunity for debate
What is the concept of scarcity in health economics?
The need outstrips resources, so prioritization is inevitable
What does opportunity cost mean in health economics?
The value of the next best alternative use of resources once they have been used
What does health economics aim to promote, according to the text?
Efficiency and equity
What is the financial cost of a nurse?
20,000 USD
What is the opportunity cost of three courses of IVF treatment?
11 cataract removals
What type of efficiency is concerned with choosing between the many needs to be met?
Allocative efficiency
Which type of economic evaluation focuses on quality adjusted life years?
Cost utility analysis
In cost benefit analysis, what can allow comparison with interventions outside healthcare?
Monetary valuation
What method is used to check the effects of assumptions in economic evaluation?
Sensitivity analysis
What measure is used to compare the cost-effectiveness of different uses of resources?
Quality adjusted life years
What does '0' represent on the scale used to measure the quality of life in QALY?
Death
Which formula is used to calculate Years of Life Lost (YLL)?
YLL = N * L
What does '1' represent on the DALY scale?
Death
Which of the following represents the number of healthy years gained?
QALY
What does the term 'YLD' stand for in the DALY calculation formula?
Years Lived with Disability
What is the basic formula for calculating YLD in the DALY calculation?
$YLD = I imes DW imes L$
What does '0' represent in the DALY scale?
Perfect health
What do health interventions seek to increase?
QALYs
Which of the following is used to value a year lived by a young adult more highly than a year lived by a young child or at older ages?
$C imes e - BX$
This quiz explores the concept of opportunity cost in healthcare decision making, focusing on the financial and lost benefits associated with different allocation choices. It presents scenarios related to choosing between nurse funding, psychiatric care, and IVF treatment, and evaluates the trade-offs in terms of potential benefits foregone.
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