Questions and Answers
What category is assigned to substances that are labeled 'strong corrosive' according to EU regulations?
Which of the following test methods is NOT mentioned as an internationally accepted method for skin corrosion or irritation testing?
Which aspect of the Corrosive materials pertains to the Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance (TER) test?
What is the maximum exposure time for chemicals during the TER testing method?
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In the Draize skin corrosion test, the skin is tested on which animal model?
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Which of the following regulatory frameworks requires data on skin corrosion effects?
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Which subcategory under the corrosive classification system indicates a 'moderate corrosive'?
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What mechanism is utilized for measuring skin impedance in the TER test?
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What is the maximum allowable mercury content in cosmetics according to the FDA?
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Which of the following countries was found to manufacture the highest percentage of mercury skin lighteners sampled in recent studies?
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In the original Draize test, what quantity and form of substance is introduced into the rabbit's eye?
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How long are the subjects monitored after the Draize test for signs of pain and distress?
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Which online platforms were identified as sources for illegal mercury skin lighteners entering the EU?
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What is the structure of the Draize test modified version regarding the quantity of test substance introduced into the eye?
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Which of the following is NOT a common effect of mercury toxicity on vision?
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During evaluations of ocular irritancy, how is the control eye treated?
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What is the primary function of the visual cortex located in the occipital lobe?
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Which area of the visual cortex is primarily responsible for receiving input signals from the retina?
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How does lead exposure affect the visual cortex in adults?
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What is a characteristic symptom experienced by individuals poisoned with methyl mercury?
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According to cosmetic regulations, what is the status of mercury and its compounds in cosmetic products?
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Which area of the visual cortex is primarily affected by lead exposure related to peripheral vision?
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In the context of visual function, what symptom may indicate damage due to methyl mercury toxicity?
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What percentage of formic acid is typically found in styling mousse?
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Study Notes
Cosmetic Product Preservation
- Formic acid is an antimicrobial agent used in cosmetics, with concentrations found in various products:
- Styling mousse (6.94%)
- Shampoo for colored/highlighted hair (2.89%)
- Personal hygiene products (2.33%)
- Classic shampoo (1.92%)
- Liquid soap (1.81%)
Visual Cortex and Neurotoxicity
- The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe and processes visual information. It features six areas: V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and the inferotemporal cortex.
- V1, the primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17), is crucial for receiving signals from the retina.
- Lead exposure leads to structural and functional deficits in the visual cortex, particularly affecting peripheral vision.
- Methyl mercury exposure causes progressive visual field constriction, poor night vision, and severe damage to peripheral visual cortex regions.
Mercury in Cosmetics Regulation
- Under Regulation (EC) N° 1223/2009, mercury and its compounds are banned as cosmetic ingredients in the EU, except for specific benign uses in eye makeup at controlled concentrations.
- The FDA permits a maximum mercury content in cosmetics of 1 ppm (1000 μg/kg).
- Investigations by the Zero Mercury Working Group (ZMWG) reveal continued illegal importation of high-mercury skin lighteners within the EU.
- Most illegal products sampled originated from Pakistan (43%), Thailand (8%), China (6%), and Taiwan (4%).
- Sampling from Belgium (2020-2022) showed 16 of 23 tested products contained mercury, with levels from 1000 to 18,821 ppm.
Draize Test for Ocular Irritancy
- The Draize test evaluates ocular irritancy in albino rabbits by administering a test substance into one eye while the other serves as a control.
- Modified Draize test methods involve a smaller volume of test liquid and saline rinse, assessing reactions over longer durations (1 hour to 21 days).
Skin Corrosion Regulations
- Skin corrosion assessments are mandated by several regulations including CLP Regulation (1272/2008) and REACH (1907/2006).
- Corrosive substances are categorized by observable skin effects in live rabbits using the Draize test.
- EU has subcategories for corrosive substances classified by exposure time: Category 1A (strong), 1B (moderate), 1C (mild).
- Accepted testing methods for skin corrosion include:
- In vivo Draize rabbit test (OECD, TG 404)
- In vitro Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance (TER) test (OECD, TG 430)
- Reconstructed human skin models (EpiSkin, EpiDerm, etc.) (OECD, TG 431)
- Corrositex (OECD, TG 435)
Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance Test Method (TER)
- The TER evaluates the integrity of the skin barrier, as corrosive materials can impair the stratum corneum.
- The test applies a chemical to rat skin discs for up to 24 hours to measure skin impedance using a Wheatstone bridge, revealing skin integrity loss at reduced resistance levels.
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Description
This quiz explores the role of antimicrobial agents in cosmetics, specifically focusing on formic acid concentrations in various products. Additionally, it delves into the structure and importance of the visual cortex, the effects of neurotoxic substances like lead and methyl mercury on vision, and regulatory aspects concerning mercury in cosmetics. Test your knowledge on these crucial health topics!
