30 Questions
During stress, which gland increases the secretion of glucocorticoid hormones like cortisol?
Adrenal cortex
What is the primary effect of cortisol during stress?
Stimulation of gluconeogenesis
In the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which stage is marked by the onset of diseases of adaptation?
Stage of exhaustion
What initiates the stress response involving corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and cortisol?
Hypothalamus
Which system is involved in initiating the stress response along with the endocrine system?
Sympathetic nervous system
What hormone suppresses reproduction, growth, and thyroid hormone during stress?
Cortisol
Which hormone is released in response to stress and plays a role in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
Cortisol
In the stress response, the pituitary gland releases hormones that act on which organ?
Adrenal cortex
What effect does stress have on the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins?
Decrease
Which stage of stress development involves the body mobilizing resources to respond to a perceived threat?
Alarm reaction
In General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which phase follows the resistance stage if stress continues without relief?
Exhaustion
What is the main hormone released during the alarm reaction stage of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
Cortisol
Which hormone can act as an immunosuppressant by inhibiting protein synthesis and synthesis of immunoglobulin?
Cortisol
What is the effect of cortisol on protein metabolism?
Increases the rate of protein synthesis in the liver
In which tissues does cortisol have catabolic effects?
Muscle and adipose tissue
Which cells can cortisol suppress that reduces the third line of defense in the immune system?
Macrophages and lymphocytes
What physiological stressor is mentioned to include psychosocial distress?
Academic pressures
What changes are associated with periods of depression and emotional upheaval according to the text?
Increased risk for ill health
What is the main function of cortisol in the stress response?
Promoting inflammation and immune responses
Which gland is primarily responsible for triggering the release of cortisol during stress?
Pituitary gland
How does chronic stress affect hormonal balance in the body?
Suppressing the immune system through decreased cytokine production
In the stages of stress development, which phase involves initial exposure to a stressor and activation of the fight-or-flight response?
Alarm reaction
Which term describes the body's overall response to stressors, involving alarm, resistance, and exhaustion phases?
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
In early stages of successful adaptive responses to stress, what might cells exhibit?
Enhanced function and activity
Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell number?
Hyperplasia
What is a common example of pathologic hyperplasia mentioned in the text?
Proliferation of endometrial cells
Which theme is NOT mentioned as important in understanding cell injury and cell death?
Extracellular events
What is the most common cause of hypoxia mentioned in the text?
Ischemia (reduced blood supply)
Within what time frame does the heart muscle show signs of difficulty contracting after blood supply interruption?
1 minute
Which is NOT a significant adaptive change in cells mentioned in the text?
Anaplasia (reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another)
Test your knowledge on the effects of cortisol on metabolism. Learn about how cortisol impacts blood glucose levels, protein metabolism, and acts as an immunosuppressant.
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