Physiology of Stress Hormones: Cortisol's Role in Metabolism
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Questions and Answers

What is the effect of Human Growth Hormone on glucose metabolism?

  • It increases glucose uptake in cells
  • It increases glucose storage in the liver
  • It decreases glucose uptake in cells and elevates blood glucose levels (correct)
  • It has no effect on glucose metabolism

What is the response of Human Growth Hormone release to hyperglycemia?

  • It decreases (correct)
  • It remains unchanged
  • It is not affected
  • It increases

What is the effect of Human Growth Hormone on lipid metabolism?

  • It increases lipid storage in adipose tissue
  • It promotes the use of lipids for energy (correct)
  • It has no effect on lipid metabolism
  • It decreases lipid storage in adipose tissue

What is the response of Human Growth Hormone release to deep sleep?

<p>It increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high levels of thyroid hormones on Human Growth Hormone release?

<p>It inhibits the release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the response of Human Growth Hormone release to increased Sympathetic Nervous System activity?

<p>It increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of cortisol on glucose metabolism during stress?

<p>Increases blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cortisol on glucose usage by tissues?

<p>Decreases glucose usage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone has the opposite effect of cortisol on glucose metabolism during stress?

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cortisol on protein metabolism during stress?

<p>Increases protein breakdown (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the release of glucose from the liver during hypoglycemia?

<p>Glucagon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cortisol on blood glucose levels during fasting?

<p>Increases blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released in response to hyperglycemia and stimulates glucose uptake in tissues?

<p>Insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cortisol on lipid metabolism during stress?

<p>Increases lipid breakdown (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the release of glucose from glycogen stores in the liver?

<p>Glucagon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cortisol on the immune system during stress?

<p>Depresses immune responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the decrease in target cell receptors due to an excess of circulating hormone?

<p>Down regulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to the endocrine system?

<p>Integration of nervous and endocrine systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal state of hormone levels in the body?

<p>Hormones are present in small amounts, but with fluctuations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands is responsible for regulating all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis?

<p>Hypothalamus and Pituitary glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which hormone levels are managed through negative feedback loops?

<p>Secretion control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is NOT a primary endocrine gland?

<p>Stomach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hormone receptors in the endocrine system?

<p>To facilitate the binding of hormones to target cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the endocrine system that distinguishes it from the nervous system?

<p>Slower response time to stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which hormones regulate cellular functions?

<p>By changing the shape of the hormone receptor, activating cellular pathways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the substances released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream?

<p>Hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the route by which hormones reach their target cells?

<p>Through the interstitial fluid, then into the bloodstream, and finally to the target cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the anterior pituitary hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone?

<p>Stimulating the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Human Growth Hormone on glucose metabolism?

<p>It decreases cellular uptake of glucose and elevates blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is released in response to hypoglycemia and promotes tissue growth and healing?

<p>Human Growth Hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin on glucose metabolism?

<p>It has no effect on glucose metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Regulating the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT inhibit the release of Human Growth Hormone?

<p>Deep sleep (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which hormone levels are managed in the body?

<p>Negative feedback loops (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a lack of circulating hormone on target cell receptors?

<p>Upregulation of receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is responsible for regulating body temperature?

<p>Hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal state of hormone levels in the body, and what can affect these levels?

<p>Hormone levels are usually present in small amounts, but can fluctuate depending on demand, normal body rhythms, and environmental factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary?

<p>The hypothalamus regulates the synthesis and release of both anterior and posterior pituitary hormones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the decrease in target cell receptors due to an excess of circulating hormone, and what is the effect of this process?

<p>Downregulation, which decreases hormone sensitivity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of oxytocin during delivery?

<p>It enhances smooth muscle contraction of the uterus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by promoting the formation of calcitriol?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

<p>It promotes the reabsorption of sodium and water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex?

<p>It regulates sodium and potassium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cortisol on blood pressure?

<p>It increases blood pressure by stimulating arteriolar smooth muscle contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the parathyroid glands?

<p>They increase blood calcium levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of cortisol on bone metabolism?

<p>Increases bone resorption and inhibits osteoblast function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of somatostatin in the pancreas?

<p>Inhibits glucagon and insulin release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cortisol on the reproductive system?

<p>Inhibits reproductive function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pineal gland?

<p>Regulates sleep-wake cycles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high levels of cortisol on the skin?

<p>Thins the skin and impairs connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the placenta in the endocrine system?

<p>Produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to maintain pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cortisol on the cardiovascular system?

<p>Stimulates erythropoietin (EPO) production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of androgens during puberty?

<p>Stimulate axillary and pubic hair growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cortisol on the renal system?

<p>Inhibits ADH secretion and increases urine formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of leptin in the endocrine system?

<p>Suppresses appetite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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