55 Questions
What is the effect of Human Growth Hormone on glucose metabolism?
It decreases glucose uptake in cells and elevates blood glucose levels
What is the response of Human Growth Hormone release to hyperglycemia?
It decreases
What is the effect of Human Growth Hormone on lipid metabolism?
It promotes the use of lipids for energy
What is the response of Human Growth Hormone release to deep sleep?
It increases
What is the effect of high levels of thyroid hormones on Human Growth Hormone release?
It inhibits the release
What is the response of Human Growth Hormone release to increased Sympathetic Nervous System activity?
It increases
What is the primary effect of cortisol on glucose metabolism during stress?
Increases blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis
What is the effect of cortisol on glucose usage by tissues?
Decreases glucose usage
Which hormone has the opposite effect of cortisol on glucose metabolism during stress?
Insulin
What is the effect of cortisol on protein metabolism during stress?
Increases protein breakdown
Which hormone stimulates the release of glucose from the liver during hypoglycemia?
Glucagon
What is the effect of cortisol on blood glucose levels during fasting?
Increases blood glucose levels
Which hormone is released in response to hyperglycemia and stimulates glucose uptake in tissues?
Insulin
What is the effect of cortisol on lipid metabolism during stress?
Increases lipid breakdown
Which hormone stimulates the release of glucose from glycogen stores in the liver?
Glucagon
What is the effect of cortisol on the immune system during stress?
Depresses immune responses
What is the term for the decrease in target cell receptors due to an excess of circulating hormone?
Down regulation
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to the endocrine system?
Integration of nervous and endocrine systems
What is the normal state of hormone levels in the body?
Hormones are present in small amounts, but with fluctuations
Which of the following glands is responsible for regulating all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis?
Hypothalamus and Pituitary glands
What is the term for the process by which hormone levels are managed through negative feedback loops?
Secretion control
Which of the following organs is NOT a primary endocrine gland?
Stomach
What is the primary function of hormone receptors in the endocrine system?
To facilitate the binding of hormones to target cells
What is the characteristic of the endocrine system that distinguishes it from the nervous system?
Slower response time to stimuli
What is the primary mechanism by which hormones regulate cellular functions?
By changing the shape of the hormone receptor, activating cellular pathways
What is the term for the substances released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream?
Hormones
What is the route by which hormones reach their target cells?
Through the interstitial fluid, then into the bloodstream, and finally to the target cell
What is the primary function of the anterior pituitary hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone?
Stimulating the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands
What is the effect of Human Growth Hormone on glucose metabolism?
It decreases cellular uptake of glucose and elevates blood glucose levels
Which of the following hormones is released in response to hypoglycemia and promotes tissue growth and healing?
Human Growth Hormone
What is the effect of the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin on glucose metabolism?
It has no effect on glucose metabolism
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to the anterior pituitary gland?
Regulating the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland
Which of the following factors does NOT inhibit the release of Human Growth Hormone?
Deep sleep
What is the primary mechanism by which hormone levels are managed in the body?
Negative feedback loops
What is the effect of a lack of circulating hormone on target cell receptors?
Upregulation of receptors
Which of the following organs is responsible for regulating body temperature?
Hypothalamus
What is the normal state of hormone levels in the body, and what can affect these levels?
Hormone levels are usually present in small amounts, but can fluctuate depending on demand, normal body rhythms, and environmental factors.
What is the role of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary?
The hypothalamus regulates the synthesis and release of both anterior and posterior pituitary hormones.
What is the term for the decrease in target cell receptors due to an excess of circulating hormone, and what is the effect of this process?
Downregulation, which decreases hormone sensitivity.
What is the primary function of oxytocin during delivery?
It enhances smooth muscle contraction of the uterus
Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by promoting the formation of calcitriol?
Parathyroid hormone
What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?
It promotes the reabsorption of sodium and water
What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex?
It regulates sodium and potassium levels
What is the effect of cortisol on blood pressure?
It increases blood pressure by stimulating arteriolar smooth muscle contraction
What is the primary function of the parathyroid glands?
They increase blood calcium levels
What is the primary effect of cortisol on bone metabolism?
Increases bone resorption and inhibits osteoblast function
What is the role of somatostatin in the pancreas?
Inhibits glucagon and insulin release
What is the effect of cortisol on the reproductive system?
Inhibits reproductive function
What is the primary function of the pineal gland?
Regulates sleep-wake cycles
What is the effect of high levels of cortisol on the skin?
Thins the skin and impairs connective tissue
What is the role of the placenta in the endocrine system?
Produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to maintain pregnancy
What is the effect of cortisol on the cardiovascular system?
Stimulates erythropoietin (EPO) production
What is the primary function of androgens during puberty?
Stimulate axillary and pubic hair growth
What is the effect of cortisol on the renal system?
Inhibits ADH secretion and increases urine formation
What is the primary function of leptin in the endocrine system?
Suppresses appetite
Test your knowledge of cortisol, a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism and providing resistance to stress. Learn how it affects blood glucose concentrations, energy availability, and vasoconstriction. Understand the effects of cortisol on glucose metabolism during fasting and stress.
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