Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism by which nitrates alleviate the symptoms of angina?
Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism by which nitrates alleviate the symptoms of angina?
- Directly dissolving atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries.
- Dilating blood vessels to reduce preload and afterload, thus decreasing myocardial workload. (correct)
- Inhibiting platelet aggregation to prevent thrombus formation.
- Increasing myocardial oxygen demand by enhancing contractility.
A patient with a long history of stable angina reports that their usual chest pain is now occurring more frequently, is more intense, and occurs with less exertion. What type of angina is the patient most likely experiencing?
A patient with a long history of stable angina reports that their usual chest pain is now occurring more frequently, is more intense, and occurs with less exertion. What type of angina is the patient most likely experiencing?
- Chronic stable angina
- Prinzmetal's angina
- Unstable angina (correct)
- Microvascular angina
Which of the following pathological processes is the primary underlying cause of coronary artery disease?
Which of the following pathological processes is the primary underlying cause of coronary artery disease?
- Thrombus formation due to platelet aggregation
- Atherosclerotic plaque formation leading to narrowed arteries (correct)
- Increased myocardial oxygen demand due to hypertension
- Vasospasm of the coronary arteries
A patient is diagnosed with Prinzmetal's angina. Which of the following factors is most likely to trigger this type of angina?
A patient is diagnosed with Prinzmetal's angina. Which of the following factors is most likely to trigger this type of angina?
What is the intended effect of ACE inhibitors in the management of coronary artery disease?
What is the intended effect of ACE inhibitors in the management of coronary artery disease?
A patient presents with chest pain, and diagnostic tests reveal elevated levels of LDL and triglycerides, along with low levels of HDL. Which of the following risk factors for coronary artery disease is most evident in this patient's presentation?
A patient presents with chest pain, and diagnostic tests reveal elevated levels of LDL and triglycerides, along with low levels of HDL. Which of the following risk factors for coronary artery disease is most evident in this patient's presentation?
Which of the following is the correct sequence of pathological events in the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque?
Which of the following is the correct sequence of pathological events in the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque?
If a patient with known CAD has a cardiac angiogram, what would the results reveal?
If a patient with known CAD has a cardiac angiogram, what would the results reveal?
Flashcards
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
A disease caused by atherosclerotic plaque buildup in the coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.
Chronic Stable Angina
Chronic Stable Angina
Myocardial ischemia caused by an oxygen supply/demand mismatch, resulting in episodic chest pain provoked by exertion or stress and relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.
Prinzmetal/Variant Angina
Prinzmetal/Variant Angina
Chest pain primarily occurring at rest due to coronary artery vasospasm, often triggered by smoking or certain substances.
Unstable Angina
Unstable Angina
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CAD Pathophysiology
CAD Pathophysiology
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Pharmacologic CAD Treatment
Pharmacologic CAD Treatment
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Cardiac Angiogram
Cardiac Angiogram
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Nonpharmacologic CAD Treatment
Nonpharmacologic CAD Treatment
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Study Notes
- Coronary artery disease
Risk Factors
- Age
- Hypertension (HTN)
- Genetics
- Tobacco use
- Diabetes
- Obesity
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Hypercholesterolemia
- High triglycerides
- Metabolic syndrome
- Stress
- Illicit drug use
Pathophysiology
- Atherosclerotic plaque deposits in the coronary artery decreases blood flow
- Endothelial injury leads to fatty streak, progressing to fibrous plaque, and potentially a complication lesion (myocardial infarction is possible)
Types of Angina
- Chronic Stable Angina includes myocardial ischemia caused by oxygen supply/demand mismatch
- Episodic pain is provoked by exertion or stress
- Occurs intermittently over a long, predictable period
- Relieved by rest or nitroglycerin (NTG)
- Prinzmetal/Variant Angina includes coronary vasospasm
- Occurs primarily at rest
- Can be triggered by smoking or certain substances like histamine, epinephrine, and cocaine
- Unstable Angina includes rupture of unstable plaque, so it's necessary to rule out a myocardial infarction
- New onset angina
- Chronic stable angina that changes
Diagnostics
- Cardiac angiogram
- Total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, HDL, triglycerides
Complications
- Sudden cardiac death
- Dysrhythmias
- Myocardial infarction
- Heart failure
Nonpharmacologic Treatment
- Reduction of risk factors such as having a healthy diet, weight control, and smoking cessation
Pharmacologic Treatment
- Antiplatelet/anticoagulant medications such as aspirin and Plavix inhibits or reduces thrombus formation
- Nitrates dilate vessels which decreases preload and afterload, promoting coronary artery circulation and controlling vasospasms
- ACE Inhibitors promotes coronary and peripheral vasodilation, reducing endothelial injury as well as reducing blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility (makes the heart work less)
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Description
Overview of coronary artery disease, including risk factors such as age, hypertension, genetics, and lifestyle choices. Discussion of the pathophysiology involving atherosclerotic plaque deposits and endothelial injury. Exploration of angina types, differentiating between chronic stable, Prinzmetal/variant, and unstable angina.
