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Questions and Answers
Which system is responsible for chemical signaling in animals?
Which system is responsible for chemical signaling in animals?
- The nervous system
- The circulatory system
- The respiratory system
- The endocrine system (correct)
What is the function of hormones in the body?
What is the function of hormones in the body?
- To transmit signals along dedicated pathways
- To stimulate specific cells (correct)
- To regulate body temperature
- To circulate through the body
What hormone is responsible for the differences in appearance and behavior between male and female elephant seals?
What hormone is responsible for the differences in appearance and behavior between male and female elephant seals?
- Prolactin
- Estrogen
- Testosterone (correct)
- Progesterone
Which gland is responsible for secreting melatonin?
Which gland is responsible for secreting melatonin?
What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?
What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?
What is the specialized role of Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) in amphibians, fish, and reptiles?
What is the specialized role of Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) in amphibians, fish, and reptiles?
Which hormone is released by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels fall below a set point?
Which hormone is released by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels fall below a set point?
Which gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Which gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Which type of corticosteroid affects salt and water balance?
Which type of corticosteroid affects salt and water balance?
Which hormone primarily promotes the development of male reproductive structures?
Which hormone primarily promotes the development of male reproductive structures?
Which type of hormone typically triggers a change in gene expression?
Which type of hormone typically triggers a change in gene expression?
What is the main function of epinephrine in the body?
What is the main function of epinephrine in the body?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an endocrine gland?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an endocrine gland?
What type of feedback loop reduces the initial stimulus?
What type of feedback loop reduces the initial stimulus?
Which gland in the human brain stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus?
Which gland in the human brain stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus?
What hormone regulates kidney physiology and behavior?
What hormone regulates kidney physiology and behavior?
What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and has tropic and nontropic effects?
What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and has tropic and nontropic effects?
What hormone does the hypothalamus secrete to stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin (PRL)?
What hormone does the hypothalamus secrete to stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin (PRL)?
Which type of signaling plays a role in blood pressure regulation and nervous system function?
Which type of signaling plays a role in blood pressure regulation and nervous system function?
What type of signaling occurs when the target cell is also the secreting cell?
What type of signaling occurs when the target cell is also the secreting cell?
Which type of signaling involves the release of chemicals into the environment to communicate with other members of the species?
Which type of signaling involves the release of chemicals into the environment to communicate with other members of the species?
What is the major difference in solubility between polypeptides and steroid hormones?
What is the major difference in solubility between polypeptides and steroid hormones?
Which of the following is NOT a category of essential nutrients?
Which of the following is NOT a category of essential nutrients?
What is the main consequence of undernourishment?
What is the main consequence of undernourishment?
Which feeding mechanism involves sucking nutrient-rich fluid from a living host?
Which feeding mechanism involves sucking nutrient-rich fluid from a living host?
What is the process of breaking down food into small molecules that can be absorbed?
What is the process of breaking down food into small molecules that can be absorbed?
Which type of diabetes is characterized by the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas by the immune system?
Which type of diabetes is characterized by the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas by the immune system?
What is the main treatment for type 1 diabetes?
What is the main treatment for type 1 diabetes?
Which hormone secreted by the stomach wall triggers feelings of hunger before meals?
Which hormone secreted by the stomach wall triggers feelings of hunger before meals?
What is the main effect of obesity on the body?
What is the main effect of obesity on the body?
Which type of digestion occurs when food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis and liquids are engulfed by pinocytosis?
Which type of digestion occurs when food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis and liquids are engulfed by pinocytosis?
Which organ produces the proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin?
Which organ produces the proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin?
What is the name for the breakdown of food particles outside of cells?
What is the name for the breakdown of food particles outside of cells?
What is the major component of bile?
What is the major component of bile?
What is the name for the digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus?
What is the name for the digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus?
Where are chylomicrons transported into?
Where are chylomicrons transported into?
Which glands secrete digestive juices through ducts into the alimentary canal in mammals?
Which glands secrete digestive juices through ducts into the alimentary canal in mammals?
Which part of the large intestine aids in the fermentation of plant material?
Which part of the large intestine aids in the fermentation of plant material?
Which of the following is NOT an essential nutrient for animals?
Which of the following is NOT an essential nutrient for animals?
Which of the following is the main source of essential amino acids for animals?
Which of the following is the main source of essential amino acids for animals?
What are the three needs that an adequate diet must satisfy for animals?
What are the three needs that an adequate diet must satisfy for animals?
Which method do scientists use to study the microbiome?
Which method do scientists use to study the microbiome?
How many bacterial species have been found in the human digestive system using DNA sequencing?
How many bacterial species have been found in the human digestive system using DNA sequencing?
What is the cause of stomach ulcers?
What is the cause of stomach ulcers?
What is the purpose of fecal microbial transplantation?
What is the purpose of fecal microbial transplantation?
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Study Notes
Chemical Signals in Animals
- Hormones are secreted molecules that circulate through the body and stimulate specific cells.
- Hormones can reach all parts of the body, but only target cells have receptors for that hormone.
- Chemical signaling by hormones is the function of the endocrine system, while the nervous system is a network of specialized cells called neurons.
- Intercellular communication through secreted signals can be classified by the type of secreting cell and the route taken by the signal to reach its target.
- Endocrine signaling is the secretion of hormones into extracellular fluids by endocrine cells, which reach their targets via the bloodstream.
- Paracrine and autocrine signaling are local signaling mechanisms that play roles in processes such as blood pressure regulation, nervous system function, and reproduction.
- Pheromones are chemicals released into the environment that serve various functions, including marking trails, defining territories, warning of predators, and attracting mates.
- Hormones can be classified into three major chemical classes: polypeptides, steroids, and amines, with different solubility and structure.
- Water-soluble hormones bind to cell-surface receptors and initiate a cellular response through signal transduction.
- Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across cell membranes, bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells, and often result in changes in gene expression.
- The same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have different receptors and signal transduction pathways.
- Endocrine cells are often grouped in ductless organs called endocrine glands, while exocrine glands have ducts to carry secreted substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities.
- Hormones are assembled into regulatory pathways, including simple endocrine pathways and simple neuroendocrine pathways, which involve the secretion of specific hormones in response to a stimulus.
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