Coordination of Endocrine and Nervous Systems Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which system is responsible for chemical signaling in animals?

The nervous system

The circulatory system

The respiratory system

The endocrine system (correct)

What is the function of hormones in the body?

To transmit signals along dedicated pathways

To stimulate specific cells (correct)

To regulate body temperature

To circulate through the body

What hormone is responsible for the differences in appearance and behavior between male and female elephant seals?

Prolactin

Estrogen

Testosterone (correct)

Progesterone

Which gland is responsible for secreting melatonin?

Pineal gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

Functioning as a biological clock Signup and view all the answers

What is the specialized role of Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) in amphibians, fish, and reptiles?

Controlling skin color by controlling pigment distribution in melanocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels fall below a set point?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Signup and view all the answers

Which gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Adrenal medulla Signup and view all the answers

Which type of corticosteroid affects salt and water balance?

Mineralocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily promotes the development of male reproductive structures?

Testosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone typically triggers a change in gene expression?

Steroid hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of epinephrine in the body?

To break down glycogen into glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an endocrine gland?

Salivary gland Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback loop reduces the initial stimulus?

Negative feedback Signup and view all the answers

Which gland in the human brain stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus?

Pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

What hormone regulates kidney physiology and behavior?

Antidiuretic hormone Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and has tropic and nontropic effects?

Growth hormone (GH) Signup and view all the answers

What hormone does the hypothalamus secrete to stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin (PRL)?

Prolactin-releasing hormone Signup and view all the answers

Which type of signaling plays a role in blood pressure regulation and nervous system function?

Paracrine signaling Signup and view all the answers

What type of signaling occurs when the target cell is also the secreting cell?

Autocrine signaling Signup and view all the answers

Which type of signaling involves the release of chemicals into the environment to communicate with other members of the species?

Pheromone signaling Signup and view all the answers

What is the major difference in solubility between polypeptides and steroid hormones?

Polypeptides are water-soluble, while steroid hormones are lipid-soluble. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category of essential nutrients?

Amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of undernourishment?

Protein deficiency of the brain Signup and view all the answers

Which feeding mechanism involves sucking nutrient-rich fluid from a living host?

Fluid feeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of breaking down food into small molecules that can be absorbed?

Digestion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas by the immune system?

Type 1 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main treatment for type 1 diabetes?

Insulin injections Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone secreted by the stomach wall triggers feelings of hunger before meals?

Ghrelin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of obesity on the body?

Increased risk of type 2 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of digestion occurs when food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis and liquids are engulfed by pinocytosis?

Intracellular digestion Signup and view all the answers

Which organ produces the proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin?

The pancreas Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the breakdown of food particles outside of cells?

Extracellular digestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the major component of bile?

Bile salts Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus?

Complete digestive tract digestion Signup and view all the answers

Where are chylomicrons transported into?

A lacteal Signup and view all the answers

Which glands secrete digestive juices through ducts into the alimentary canal in mammals?

Salivary glands Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the large intestine aids in the fermentation of plant material?

The cecum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an essential nutrient for animals?

Amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the main source of essential amino acids for animals?

Meat Signup and view all the answers

What are the three needs that an adequate diet must satisfy for animals?

Chemical energy, organic building blocks, essential nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which method do scientists use to study the microbiome?

DNA sequencing based on the polymerase chain reaction Signup and view all the answers

How many bacterial species have been found in the human digestive system using DNA sequencing?

More than 400 Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of stomach ulcers?

H. pylori disrupts stomach health by eliminating other bacterial species. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fecal microbial transplantation?

To treat intestinal infections caused by Clostridium difficile. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemical Signals in Animals

Hormones are secreted molecules that circulate through the body and stimulate specific cells.
Hormones can reach all parts of the body, but only target cells have receptors for that hormone.
Chemical signaling by hormones is the function of the endocrine system, while the nervous system is a network of specialized cells called neurons.
Intercellular communication through secreted signals can be classified by the type of secreting cell and the route taken by the signal to reach its target.
Endocrine signaling is the secretion of hormones into extracellular fluids by endocrine cells, which reach their targets via the bloodstream.
Paracrine and autocrine signaling are local signaling mechanisms that play roles in processes such as blood pressure regulation, nervous system function, and reproduction.
Pheromones are chemicals released into the environment that serve various functions, including marking trails, defining territories, warning of predators, and attracting mates.
Hormones can be classified into three major chemical classes: polypeptides, steroids, and amines, with different solubility and structure.
Water-soluble hormones bind to cell-surface receptors and initiate a cellular response through signal transduction.
Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across cell membranes, bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells, and often result in changes in gene expression.
The same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have different receptors and signal transduction pathways.
Endocrine cells are often grouped in ductless organs called endocrine glands, while exocrine glands have ducts to carry secreted substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities.
Hormones are assembled into regulatory pathways, including simple endocrine pathways and simple neuroendocrine pathways, which involve the secretion of specific hormones in response to a stimulus.

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Test your knowledge on the coordination of the endocrine and nervous systems in animals. Explore how the brain integrates the functions of these systems and discover the pathways that control important processes like molting.