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What was Alfred Werner's significant contribution to the understanding of coordination compounds?
What was Alfred Werner's significant contribution to the understanding of coordination compounds?
In the context of Werner's theory, what does the primary valence of a metal ion represent?
In the context of Werner's theory, what does the primary valence of a metal ion represent?
Which compound provided the highest amount of precipitated AgCl in Werner's study?
Which compound provided the highest amount of precipitated AgCl in Werner's study?
What did Werner propose regarding the ions and molecules bonded to the cobalt ion in these reactions?
What did Werner propose regarding the ions and molecules bonded to the cobalt ion in these reactions?
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How did the concept of secondary valence relate to the coordination compounds studied by Werner?
How did the concept of secondary valence relate to the coordination compounds studied by Werner?
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What type of geometry does the complex [Co(NH3)6] exhibit?
What type of geometry does the complex [Co(NH3)6] exhibit?
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Which of the following complexes is considered a high spin complex?
Which of the following complexes is considered a high spin complex?
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What is the hybridization of the [CoF6] complex?
What is the hybridization of the [CoF6] complex?
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Why is the complex [Co(NH3)6] diamagnetic?
Why is the complex [Co(NH3)6] diamagnetic?
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In which oxidation state is cobalt in the [NiCl4] complex?
In which oxidation state is cobalt in the [NiCl4] complex?
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What type of hybridization occurs in tetrahedral complexes?
What type of hybridization occurs in tetrahedral complexes?
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What distinguishes the inner orbital complex [Co(NH3)6] from outer orbital complexes?
What distinguishes the inner orbital complex [Co(NH3)6] from outer orbital complexes?
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What is the electronic configuration of the cobalt ion in [CoF6]?
What is the electronic configuration of the cobalt ion in [CoF6]?
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What is the geometry of tetracarbonylnickel(0)?
What is the geometry of tetracarbonylnickel(0)?
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Which of the following homoleptic carbonyls is trigonal bipyramidal?
Which of the following homoleptic carbonyls is trigonal bipyramidal?
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What type of bond is bridged by two CO groups in octacarbonyldicobalt(0)?
What type of bond is bridged by two CO groups in octacarbonyldicobalt(0)?
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What character do the metal-carbon bonds in metal carbonyls possess?
What character do the metal-carbon bonds in metal carbonyls possess?
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How is the M–C σ bond in metal carbonyls formed?
How is the M–C σ bond in metal carbonyls formed?
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Which of the following carbonyls consists of two square pyramidal Mn(CO)5 units?
Which of the following carbonyls consists of two square pyramidal Mn(CO)5 units?
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Which structure is octahedral among the carbonyls listed?
Which structure is octahedral among the carbonyls listed?
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What is the connectivity style of the Mn–Mn bond in decacarbonyldimanganese(0)?
What is the connectivity style of the Mn–Mn bond in decacarbonyldimanganese(0)?
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What is the main difference between solvate isomers and traditional isomers?
What is the main difference between solvate isomers and traditional isomers?
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Which complex is an example of a solvate isomer?
Which complex is an example of a solvate isomer?
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Which theory primarily explains how a metal ion can hybridize its orbitals under ligand influence?
Which theory primarily explains how a metal ion can hybridize its orbitals under ligand influence?
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What characteristic properties are coordination compounds known to possess?
What characteristic properties are coordination compounds known to possess?
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What type of isomerism is exhibited by [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 and [Co(NH3)5(SO4)]Cl?
What type of isomerism is exhibited by [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 and [Co(NH3)5(SO4)]Cl?
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Which of the following bonding theories could explain the bonding within coordination compounds?
Which of the following bonding theories could explain the bonding within coordination compounds?
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Which geometry can result from the hybridization of orbitals in coordination compounds?
Which geometry can result from the hybridization of orbitals in coordination compounds?
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What limitation did Werner's theory have regarding coordination compounds?
What limitation did Werner's theory have regarding coordination compounds?
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What do the prefixes mono, di, and tri indicate in coordination compounds?
What do the prefixes mono, di, and tri indicate in coordination compounds?
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What term is used when a ligand has a numerical prefix in coordination compound naming?
What term is used when a ligand has a numerical prefix in coordination compound naming?
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How is the oxidation state of the metal represented in a coordination entity?
How is the oxidation state of the metal represented in a coordination entity?
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When naming a complex cation, how is the name of the metal usually formed?
When naming a complex cation, how is the name of the metal usually formed?
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What is the suffix used for the name of a metal in anionic ligands?
What is the suffix used for the name of a metal in anionic ligands?
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In the naming of complex ions, how is alphabetical order applied?
In the naming of complex ions, how is alphabetical order applied?
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What does the name of the neutral complex molecule resemble?
What does the name of the neutral complex molecule resemble?
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Which of the following correctly represents a coordination compound's formula based on the content?
Which of the following correctly represents a coordination compound's formula based on the content?
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Study Notes
Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds
- Alfred Werner (1866-1919) proposed the concept of primary and secondary valences for metal ions
- Primary valence represents the oxidation state of the metal ion
- Secondary valence represents the number of ligands directly bonded to the metal ion
- Werner's theory explains the formation of coordination compounds like [Co(NH3)6]Cl3, [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4, etc.
- The number of ligands directly attached to the metal ion determines the coordination number
- The ligands within square brackets form a single entity, the coordination sphere, which doesn't dissociate easily
- Werner's theory emphasized the importance of the coordination sphere in understanding the behavior of coordination compounds
Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
- Complexes are named based on the ligands and the metal
- Ligands are named first, followed by the metal
- If the complex ion is cationic, the metal is named as the element (e.g., cobalt)
- If the complex ion is anionic, the metal name ends with "-ate" (e.g., cobaltate)
- Oxidation states of the metal are indicated by Roman numerals in parentheses (e.g., Cr(III))
- Prefixes like mono, di, tri, etc., are used to indicate the number of individual ligands
- For ligands with numerical prefixes, terms like bis, tris, tetrakis are used
- An example: [NiCl2(PPh3)2] is named as dichloridobis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II)
Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- Solvate isomers differ in the position of solvent molecules within the coordination sphere
- Example: [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 (violet) and [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O (grey-green) are solvate isomers
Bonding in Coordination Compounds
- Valence Bond Theory (VBT) explains the bonding in coordination compounds using hybridisation
- Hybridisation involves the mixing of metal's s, p, and d orbitals to form new, equivalent orbitals
- The hybridised orbitals then overlap with ligand orbitals, resulting in coordinate covalent bonds
- Example: [Co(NH3)6]3+ has an octahedral geometry and is diamagnetic because of the pairing of electrons
- Low spin or spin-paired complexes use inner d orbitals for hybridisation (e.g., [Co(NH3)6]3+)
- High spin or spin-free complexes use outer d orbitals for hybridisation (e.g., [CoF6]3-)
- Tetrahedral complexes involve hybridisation of one s and three p orbitals
- Example: [NiCl4]2- has a tetrahedral geometry due to sp3 hybridisation of the nickel ion.
Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
- Metal carbonyls are homoleptic coordination compounds containing only carbonyl ligands
- Example: Ni(CO)4 is tetrahedral, Fe(CO)5 is trigonal bipyramidal, Cr(CO)6 is octahedral
- Metal-carbon bonds in metal carbonyls involve both σ and π character
- The σ bond is formed by the donation of lone pair from the carbonyl carbon to a vacant metal orbital
- The π bond occurs due to back-donation of electrons from the filled metal d orbitals to empty antibonding π* orbitals of CO
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of coordination compounds through Alfred Werner's groundbreaking theory. This quiz covers key concepts such as primary and secondary valences, coordination numbers, and the nomenclature of coordination complexes. Test your understanding of how these complex structures are formed and classified.
