60 Questions
What is the main factor that affects Cardiac Output?
Both Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
Which nerve primarily regulates the Parasympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Vagus nerve
What is the normal range of Blood Pressure?
Between 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg
What is the effect of increased extracellular K+ on the Heart?
Decrease in Contractile Strength
What is the name of the reflex that helps regulate Blood Pressure?
Baroreceptor reflex
What is the formula to calculate Cardiac Output?
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
Which of the following is an example of a Positive Chronotropic factor?
Caffeine
What is the location of the Control Centre that regulates Blood Pressure?
Medulla oblongata
What is the name of the receptors that detect changes in Blood Pressure?
Baroreceptors
What is the term for the amount of blood pumped per ventricle per minute?
Cardiac Output
What is the primary factor that determines the stroke volume according to the Frank-Starling Law?
The volume of blood present in the ventricle at the end of diastole
What is the primary function of peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid body?
To respond to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
What is the effect of increased venous return on stroke volume?
It increases stroke volume
What is the primary function of the Bainbridge reflex?
To increase cardiac output in response to increased blood volume
What is the term for the amount of blood present in the ventricles at the end of diastole?
End-diastolic volume
What is the term for the force exerted on the ventricle wall during ejection?
Afterload
What is the primary mechanism by which endothelium controls vascular tone?
By releasing vasodilators to inhibit smooth muscle
What is the effect of decreased venous return on stroke volume?
It decreases stroke volume
What is the term for the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle per beat?
Stroke volume
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of decreased blood volume?
Increased peripheral resistance
What is the term for the contractile force of cardiac cells?
Contractility
What is the primary effect of Angiotensin II on blood pressure?
Vasoconstriction and increased blood volume
What is the term for the amount of blood stretched in the ventricles?
Preload
Which of the following antihypertensive drugs acts on the renin-angiotensin system to reduce blood pressure?
ACE inhibitors or ARBs
What is the primary mechanism by which diuretics reduce blood pressure?
By reducing blood volume
What is the primary cause of orthostatic hypotension?
Standing up from a supine position
What is the primary effect of vasopressin on blood pressure?
Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
What is the primary mechanism by which Ca2+ channel blockers reduce blood pressure?
By increasing vasodilation
What is the primary effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on blood pressure?
Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
What is the primary mechanism by which beta blockers reduce blood pressure?
By reducing cardiac output and heart rate
What is the primary mechanism by which the autonomic nervous system regulates cardiac output?
Increasing sympathetic stimuli and decreasing parasympathetic stimuli
What is the effect of a decrease in baroreceptor activity on blood pressure?
Vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure
Which of the following is an example of a negative chronotropic factor?
Sedatives
What is the effect of an increase in extracellular potassium ions on the heart?
Decreased contractility and heart rate
What is the primary mechanism by which the baroreflex regulates blood pressure?
Increasing parasympathetic stimuli to the heart
What is the effect of an increase in calcium ions on cardiac contractility?
Increased contractility
What is the primary mechanism by which the medulla oblongata regulates blood pressure?
Regulating heart rate and contractility
What is the effect of a decrease in venous return on cardiac output?
Decreased cardiac output
What is the primary mechanism by which the sympathetic nervous system increases blood pressure?
Increasing heart rate and contractility
What is the effect of an increase in thyroxin on cardiac contractility?
Increased contractility
What is the effect of increased pCO2 on the heart rate?
Increased heart rate
What is the primary mechanism by which the Frank-Starling Law regulates stroke volume?
By increasing preload
What is the effect of increased sympathetic activity on cardiac output?
Increased cardiac output
What is the primary function of the central chemoreceptors in the brain?
To regulate respiratory activity
What is the effect of increased afterload on stroke volume?
Decreased stroke volume
What is the primary mechanism by which the Bainbridge reflex regulates heart rate?
By increasing venous return
What is the effect of decreased preload on cardiac output?
Decreased cardiac output
What is the primary function of peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid body?
To respond to changes in pO2 and pCO2
What is the effect of increased contractility on stroke volume?
Increased stroke volume
What is the primary mechanism by which the quick chemoreceptor reflex regulates blood pressure?
By increasing vasoconstriction
What is the primary mechanism by which the endothelium regulates vascular tone?
Releasing nitric oxide to dilate blood vessels
What is the effect of increased angiotensin II levels on blood pressure?
Increased water resorption by the kidney and vasoconstriction
What is the primary mechanism by which antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates blood pressure?
Increasing water resorption by the kidney
What is the primary effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on blood pressure?
Increased blood pressure due to vasoconstriction and increased water resorption
What is the primary mechanism by which calcium channel blockers reduce blood pressure?
Reducing the entry of calcium into smooth muscle cells
What is the primary effect of beta blockers on blood pressure?
Decreased heart rate and contractility
What is the primary mechanism by which diuretics reduce blood pressure?
Increasing water excretion by the kidney
What is the primary cause of hypovolemic shock?
Decreased blood volume due to blood loss or dehydration
What is the effect of standing up on blood pressure?
Decreased blood pressure due to decreased blood volume in the veins
What is the primary mechanism by which ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure?
Decreasing the production of angiotensin II
This quiz covers the homeostatic principles and mechanisms that regulate blood pressure, including neural, endocrine, and other responses. It also explores the physiological response to changes in blood pressure.
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