Control of Blood Pressure
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Questions and Answers

What is the main factor that affects Cardiac Output?

  • Stroke Volume
  • Heart Rate
  • Both Heart Rate and Stroke Volume (correct)
  • Vascular Tone

    • Which nerve primarily regulates the Parasympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System?

  • Vagus nerve (correct)
  • Phrenic nerve
  • Sinoatrial node
  • Atrioventricular node

    • What is the normal range of Blood Pressure?

  • Between 120/80mmHg and 140/90mmHg
  • Between 80/40mmHg and 100/60mmHg
  • Between 100/60mmHg and 140/90mmHg
  • Between 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg (correct)

    • What is the effect of increased extracellular K+ on the Heart?

    <p>Decrease in Contractile Strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the reflex that helps regulate Blood Pressure?

    <p>Baroreceptor reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate Cardiac Output?

    <p>Heart Rate x Stroke Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a Positive Chronotropic factor?

    <p>Caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the Control Centre that regulates Blood Pressure?

    <p>Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the receptors that detect changes in Blood Pressure?

    <p>Baroreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of blood pumped per ventricle per minute?

    <p>Cardiac Output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the stroke volume according to the Frank-Starling Law?

    <p>The volume of blood present in the ventricle at the end of diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid body?

    <p>To respond to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased venous return on stroke volume?

    <p>It increases stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Bainbridge reflex?

    <p>To increase cardiac output in response to increased blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of blood present in the ventricles at the end of diastole?

    <p>End-diastolic volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the force exerted on the ventricle wall during ejection?

    <p>Afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which endothelium controls vascular tone?

    <p>By releasing vasodilators to inhibit smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of decreased venous return on stroke volume?

    <p>It decreases stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle per beat?

    <p>Stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of decreased blood volume?

    <p>Increased peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the contractile force of cardiac cells?

    <p>Contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Angiotensin II on blood pressure?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and increased blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of blood stretched in the ventricles?

    <p>Preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antihypertensive drugs acts on the renin-angiotensin system to reduce blood pressure?

    <p>ACE inhibitors or ARBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which diuretics reduce blood pressure?

    <p>By reducing blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of orthostatic hypotension?

    <p>Standing up from a supine position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of vasopressin on blood pressure?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which Ca2+ channel blockers reduce blood pressure?

    <p>By increasing vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on blood pressure?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which beta blockers reduce blood pressure?

    <p>By reducing cardiac output and heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the autonomic nervous system regulates cardiac output?

    <p>Increasing sympathetic stimuli and decreasing parasympathetic stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in baroreceptor activity on blood pressure?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a negative chronotropic factor?

    <p>Sedatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an increase in extracellular potassium ions on the heart?

    <p>Decreased contractility and heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the baroreflex regulates blood pressure?

    <p>Increasing parasympathetic stimuli to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an increase in calcium ions on cardiac contractility?

    <p>Increased contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the medulla oblongata regulates blood pressure?

    <p>Regulating heart rate and contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in venous return on cardiac output?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the sympathetic nervous system increases blood pressure?

    <p>Increasing heart rate and contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an increase in thyroxin on cardiac contractility?

    <p>Increased contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased pCO2 on the heart rate?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the Frank-Starling Law regulates stroke volume?

    <p>By increasing preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased sympathetic activity on cardiac output?

    <p>Increased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the central chemoreceptors in the brain?

    <p>To regulate respiratory activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased afterload on stroke volume?

    <p>Decreased stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the Bainbridge reflex regulates heart rate?

    <p>By increasing venous return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of decreased preload on cardiac output?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid body?

    <p>To respond to changes in pO2 and pCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased contractility on stroke volume?

    <p>Increased stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the quick chemoreceptor reflex regulates blood pressure?

    <p>By increasing vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the endothelium regulates vascular tone?

    <p>Releasing nitric oxide to dilate blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased angiotensin II levels on blood pressure?

    <p>Increased water resorption by the kidney and vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates blood pressure?

    <p>Increasing water resorption by the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on blood pressure?

    <p>Increased blood pressure due to vasoconstriction and increased water resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which calcium channel blockers reduce blood pressure?

    <p>Reducing the entry of calcium into smooth muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of beta blockers on blood pressure?

    <p>Decreased heart rate and contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which diuretics reduce blood pressure?

    <p>Increasing water excretion by the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hypovolemic shock?

    <p>Decreased blood volume due to blood loss or dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of standing up on blood pressure?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure due to decreased blood volume in the veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure?

    <p>Decreasing the production of angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

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