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Questions and Answers
Which mode of transmission involves infectious agents traveling more than one meter?
Which mode of transmission involves infectious agents traveling more than one meter?
- Airborne transmission (correct)
- Direct contact
- Droplet transmission
- Indirect contact
A patient in a hospital develops a urinary tract infection (UTI) after catheterization. This is an example of what type of HAI?
A patient in a hospital develops a urinary tract infection (UTI) after catheterization. This is an example of what type of HAI?
- Iatrogenic HAI (correct)
- Exogenous HAI
- Endogenous HAI
- Community-acquired infection
Which of the following is an example of disease transmission via a fomite?
Which of the following is an example of disease transmission via a fomite?
- Developing cholera after drinking contaminated water
- Acquiring a staphylococcal infection from a shared towel (correct)
- Contracting influenza from a sneeze
- Being bitten by a mosquito carrying malaria
Which of the following diseases is commonly associated with food-borne transmission?
Which of the following diseases is commonly associated with food-borne transmission?
What distinguishes a mechanical vector from a biological vector in disease transmission?
What distinguishes a mechanical vector from a biological vector in disease transmission?
If a patient acquires an infection from their own normal flora due to a weakened immune system, how would this Healthcare Associated Infection (HAI) be classified?
If a patient acquires an infection from their own normal flora due to a weakened immune system, how would this Healthcare Associated Infection (HAI) be classified?
Which of the following is an example of direct contact transmission?
Which of the following is an example of direct contact transmission?
Why are Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) a significant public health concern in the United States?
Why are Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) a significant public health concern in the United States?
A doctor uses contaminated medical equipment on multiple patients without properly sterilizing it. What type of HAI could result from this?
A doctor uses contaminated medical equipment on multiple patients without properly sterilizing it. What type of HAI could result from this?
How does droplet transmission differ from airborne transmission?
How does droplet transmission differ from airborne transmission?
Which of the following practices is most likely to prevent waterborne and foodborne transmissions?
Which of the following practices is most likely to prevent waterborne and foodborne transmissions?
What is the primary mode of transmission for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
What is the primary mode of transmission for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
Which of the following is an example of a mechanical vector in disease transmission?
Which of the following is an example of a mechanical vector in disease transmission?
A surgeon accidentally nicks a patient's intestine during surgery, leading to a severe abdominal infection. What type of HAI is this?
A surgeon accidentally nicks a patient's intestine during surgery, leading to a severe abdominal infection. What type of HAI is this?
A child contracts a respiratory infection after playing with toys in a clinic waiting room. This is an example of which type of transmission?
A child contracts a respiratory infection after playing with toys in a clinic waiting room. This is an example of which type of transmission?
In a hospital, what measure would be MOST effective in preventing exogenous HAIs?
In a hospital, what measure would be MOST effective in preventing exogenous HAIs?
Which scenario illustrates droplet transmission of an infectious disease?
Which scenario illustrates droplet transmission of an infectious disease?
Which approach would be most effective in reducing the incidence of waterborne diseases in developing countries?
Which approach would be most effective in reducing the incidence of waterborne diseases in developing countries?
How do biological vectors contribute to disease transmission differently than mechanical vectors?
How do biological vectors contribute to disease transmission differently than mechanical vectors?
A patient recovering from surgery develops pneumonia while in the hospital. If the pneumonia is caused by pathogens present in the hospital environment, how would this Healthcare Associated Infection (HAI) be classified?
A patient recovering from surgery develops pneumonia while in the hospital. If the pneumonia is caused by pathogens present in the hospital environment, how would this Healthcare Associated Infection (HAI) be classified?
Which of the following interventions is MOST likely to reduce the spread of infections through fomites in a healthcare setting?
Which of the following interventions is MOST likely to reduce the spread of infections through fomites in a healthcare setting?
A group of people becomes ill after attending a picnic where the potato salad was left unrefrigerated for several hours. Which type of transmission is MOST likely responsible for this outbreak?
A group of people becomes ill after attending a picnic where the potato salad was left unrefrigerated for several hours. Which type of transmission is MOST likely responsible for this outbreak?
How would you classify the transmission of malaria from a mosquito to a human?
How would you classify the transmission of malaria from a mosquito to a human?
If a hospital patient develops a bloodstream infection as a result of contaminated intravenous fluids, what type of HAI would this be considered?
If a hospital patient develops a bloodstream infection as a result of contaminated intravenous fluids, what type of HAI would this be considered?
Which action is MOST effective in preventing the spread of respiratory infections through droplet transmission?
Which action is MOST effective in preventing the spread of respiratory infections through droplet transmission?
Which of the following best describes endogenous Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs)?
Which of the following best describes endogenous Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs)?
What is a key characteristic of airborne transmission that differentiates it from droplet transmission?
What is a key characteristic of airborne transmission that differentiates it from droplet transmission?
Which method is MOST crucial in preventing the spread of gastrointestinal diseases caused by foodborne transmission?
Which method is MOST crucial in preventing the spread of gastrointestinal diseases caused by foodborne transmission?
In the context of disease transmission, what role does a fomite play?
In the context of disease transmission, what role does a fomite play?
Which type of vector transmission involves an arthropod bite?
Which type of vector transmission involves an arthropod bite?
A patient contracts an infection after a surgical wound becomes contaminated with bacteria from the operating room. Which category of HAI does this represent?
A patient contracts an infection after a surgical wound becomes contaminated with bacteria from the operating room. Which category of HAI does this represent?
In preventing HAIs, what is the primary goal of implementing strict aseptic techniques during invasive procedures?
In preventing HAIs, what is the primary goal of implementing strict aseptic techniques during invasive procedures?
In addressing waterborne diseases, what is the MOST important outcome of effective sewage treatment?
In addressing waterborne diseases, what is the MOST important outcome of effective sewage treatment?
When considering the modes of transmission for respiratory infections, what distinguishes airborne transmission from other forms?
When considering the modes of transmission for respiratory infections, what distinguishes airborne transmission from other forms?
What is the PRIMARY difference between biological and mechanical vectors in disease transmission?
What is the PRIMARY difference between biological and mechanical vectors in disease transmission?
What is a crucial difference between droplet and direct contact transmission?
What is a crucial difference between droplet and direct contact transmission?
Considering the impact of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), what is the MOST significant approach for reducing their occurrence in hospitals?
Considering the impact of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), what is the MOST significant approach for reducing their occurrence in hospitals?
In terms of foodborne illnesses, what is a common factor that leads to outbreaks of diseases like salmonellosis and E. coli infection?
In terms of foodborne illnesses, what is a common factor that leads to outbreaks of diseases like salmonellosis and E. coli infection?
Which practice is MOST effective at reducing the risk of transmitting diseases via fomites?
Which practice is MOST effective at reducing the risk of transmitting diseases via fomites?
Flashcards
Direct Contact Transmission
Direct Contact Transmission
Transmission between hosts without an intermediate object, like touching or kissing.
Indirect Contact Transmission
Indirect Contact Transmission
Transmission via inanimate objects, such as tissues or utensils.
Droplet Transmission
Droplet Transmission
Transmission via respiratory droplets that travel less than a meter.
Airborne Transmission
Airborne Transmission
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Water-borne & Food-borne Transmission
Water-borne & Food-borne Transmission
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Bodily Fluid Transmission
Bodily Fluid Transmission
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Vector Transmission
Vector Transmission
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Mechanical Vectors
Mechanical Vectors
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Biological Vectors
Biological Vectors
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Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs)
Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs)
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Exogenous HAIs
Exogenous HAIs
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Endogenous HAIs
Endogenous HAIs
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Iatrogenic HAIs
Iatrogenic HAIs
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Study Notes
- Contact transmission involves the spread of pathogens between hosts.
Direct Physical Contact
- This occurs without an intermediate object.
- Examples include touching, kissing, or sexual intercourse.
- Diseases spread this way: respiratory tract infections, staphylococcal infections, measles, scarlet fever, and sexually transmitted diseases.
Indirect Contact
- Pathogens are transmitted via fomites (nonliving objects).
- Fomites include tissues, handkerchiefs, towels, bedding, toys, clothes, diapers, eating utensils, drinking cups, medical equipment, and devices.
Droplet Transmission
- Infectious agents are transmitted via respiratory droplets.
- Organisms travel less than one meter.
Airborne Transmission
- Organisms travel more than one meter.
Water-borne & Food-borne Transmission
- Occurs through untreated or poorly treated sewage & undercooked foods, or food prepared under unsanitary conditions.
- Diseases spread this way: giardiasis, amebic dysentery, cholera, shigellosis and Hepatitis A & E.
Bodily Fluid Transmission
- Blood, urine, saliva, and other bodily fluids can transmit pathogens.
Vector Transmission
- Animals, especially arthropods, can transmit pathogens.
- Biological vectors: Biting insects like mosquitoes, ticks, lice, fleas, and blood-sucking flies.
- Mechanical vectors: Passively carry agents on their feet or other body parts to a new host.
Healthcare Associated (Nosocomial) Infections
- These are acquired in a hospital or hospital-like setting.
- HAIs are among the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States.
- Annually, 99,000 patients die as a result of nosocomial infections in the United States alone.
Types of Nosocomial Infections
- Exogenous HAIs: caused by pathogens in the healthcare environment, shed by sick people.
- Endogenous HAIs: caused by microbes in the normal flora of the patient.
- Iatrogenic HAIs: caused by use of medical procedures, such as the use of catheters, invasive diagnostic procedures.
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