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Questions and Answers
Every country in the world has legally abolished slavery.
True
Most hotels have actionable plans to tackle modern slavery in their supply chains.
False
The majority of hotels studied have policies banning recruitment fees to protect migrants from debt bondage.
False
Modern slavery is a form of human trafficking that only occurs in certain regions of the world.
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The European Union has a specific directive to combat modern slavery and human trafficking.
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All countries have legally abolished modern slavery.
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Most hotels have disclosed supply chain information and have actionable plans to tackle modern slavery.
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The majority of hotels studied had policies banning recruitment fees to protect migrants from debt bondage.
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Modern slavery is a specific form of human trafficking that occurs globally.
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The European Directive 2011/36/EU deals with consumer research.
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs was published in 2020.
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The Journal of Consumer Research is a publication that focuses on human trafficking.
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The article 'The Impostor Syndrome from Luxury Consumption' is related to modern slavery.
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All hotels have a specific policy to combat modern slavery in their operations and supply chains.
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Backpacking is a form of experiential tourism that is always considered luxurious.
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The consumer is the ultimate arbiter of what constitutes luxury in tourism and hospitality.
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Luxury tourism is generally low-priced because it is inexpensive to develop and deliver.
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All luxury tourism experiences involve value co-creation in customer-to-customer interactions.
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The economics of luxury tourism provision are generally risk-free.
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Experiential tourism and luxury tourism are always the same thing.
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Most consumers have no sense of value for money when it comes to luxury tourism.
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The tourist is solely a consumer of touristic experiences, with no role in co-creating the experience.
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Value co-creation is only relevant in budget tourism, not in luxury tourism.
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Luxury tourism is always associated with high-quality components and high levels of service.
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Study Notes
Modern Slavery
- Slavery is illegal in every country worldwide, yet it still exists as modern slavery, a form of human trafficking.
Hotel Industry and Modern Slavery
- 76% of hotels do not disclose supply chain information and have no actionable plans to address modern slavery risks in their operations and supply chains.
- Only 6 out of 71 studied hotels had policies banning recruitment fees, which protect migrants from debt bondage.
Academic Reference
- Goor, D., Ordabayeva, N., Keinan, A., & Crener, S. (2020). The Impostor Syndrome from Luxury Consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 46(6), 1031–1051.
EU Directive
- European Directive 2011/36/EU, Article 2, emphasizes the importance of combating modern slavery.
Modern Slavery
- Slavery is illegal in every country worldwide, yet it still exists as modern slavery, a form of human trafficking.
Hotel Industry and Modern Slavery
- 76% of hotels do not disclose supply chain information and have no actionable plans to address modern slavery risks in their operations and supply chains.
- Only 6 out of 71 studied hotels had policies banning recruitment fees, which protect migrants from debt bondage.
Academic Reference
- Goor, D., Ordabayeva, N., Keinan, A., & Crener, S. (2020). The Impostor Syndrome from Luxury Consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 46(6), 1031–1051.
EU Directive
- European Directive 2011/36/EU, Article 2, emphasizes the importance of combating modern slavery.
Luxury Tourism
- High-yield tourists often pay premium prices for unique experiences, even if it means sacrificing comfort and luxury amenities.
- Research shows that luxury is subjective and situationally dependent (Iloranta, 2019).
Conceptualizing Luxury in Tourism
- Traditional identifiers of luxury tourism, such as expensive accommodations, do not necessarily hold (Yeoman, 2008).
- Concepts like "unconventional luxury" and "new luxury" have been proposed to represent broader notions of luxury (Thomsen, Holmqvist, Wallpach, & Hemetsberger, 2020; Grönroos & Leppänen, 2009; Rytilahti, 2008).
- Luxury can be associated with everyday pleasures or common goods that become scarce and perceived as a luxury (Thomsen, Holmqvist, Wallpach, Hemetsberger, & Belk, 2020).
Supply-Side Perspectives on Luxury Tourism
- Supply-side literature on luxury tourism is scarce, but includes coverage of non-Western examples, cultural destinations, and prestigious brands (Armstrong, Mok, Go, & Chan, 1997; Scheyvens, 2011; Bharwani, 2015; Chathoth, Mak, Sim, Jauhari, & Manaktola, 2011).
- Luxury tourism studies from the supply perspective often focus on one of four units of analysis: governments, destinations, facilities and amenities, or tourism service providers (Dwyer et al., 2006; Thirumaran & Raghav, 2017; Harkison, 2017; Sukmawati et al., 2018).
High-Yield Tourists
- High-yield tourists are often well-informed, frequent travelers who demand novel, unusual, and authentic experiences (Dixit, 2020; Dwyer, Edwards, Mistilis, Adler, & Scott, 2009).
- Luxury tourism service providers must continually innovate to differentiate themselves and build emotional attachments with customers (Hjalager, 2015; Peters & Pikkemaat, 2006; Razumova, Ibáñez, & Palmer, 2015; Reitsamer & Brunner-Sperdin, 2015).
Value Co-Creation
- Positive consumption experiences often depend on a supplier's ability to harness customers' active participation in the co-creation process (Prahalad & Ramaswamy, 2004).
- The tourist is a co-producer, not just a consumer, of touristic experiences (Buhalis & Sinarta, 2019; Cabiddu, Tsz-Wai, & Piccoli, 2013; Chathoth, Ungson, Harrington, & Chan, 2016; Prebensen & Xie, 2017).
- Value co-creation functions in luxury tourism provide opportunities for further research.
Challenges of Luxury Tourism Provision
- Luxury tourism is high-priced because it is expensive to develop and deliver high-quality components and services.
- The costs of provision are higher while the overall target market is smaller, making it a high-risk business venture (Hwang & Lyu, 2018; Yeoman & McMahon-Beattie, 2005).
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Description
Test your knowledge of consumer behavior, luxury consumption, and the impostor syndrome in relation to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. This quiz is based on research by Goor, Ordabayeva, Keinan, and Crener.
