Construction Projects and RHFAC Professionals
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Questions and Answers

What does an RHFAC Professional review in construction drawings?

  • Accessibility features (correct)
  • Color schemes
  • Building materials
  • Finishing touches

    • What is the purpose of a Site Plan?

    Provides a bird's-eye view of property location, orientation, and dimensions.

    Floor plans provide an overhead view of the interior of a building, with the roof and upper floors ________.

    removed

    Match the following drawing with its description:

    <p>Site Plan = Bird's-eye view of property location and dimensions Elevation = Vertical view of a building from a flat plane Building Section = Vertical cross-section of a building from foundation through roof</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a feasibility study in a project?

    <p>To determine the viability of the project</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the RHFAC Professional during the schematic design phase?

    <p>Identify potential requirements and specifications related to accessibility and to ensure they are appropriately documented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of drawings are produced during the design development phase?

    <p>Detailed drawings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an off-page reference in a drawing?

    <p>To locate a separate but related drawing that is found on another page</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are the main participants responsible for design documentation and overseeing construction in a building project?

    <p>Designers (Consultants)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Construction Project Stakeholders include only the owners and designers of the project.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pre-design phase lays the groundwork for design and is the _____ step on any project.

    <p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key outputs are included in the Post-Construction/Takeover phase?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the RHFAC Professional during the Post-Occupancy Evaluation phase?

    <p>Provide an Existing Site rating based on the RHFAC rating system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Construction cost is determined by the function of space of facility plus __________.

    <p>design time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a stipulated price contract, any alterations to price or time of construction are informally handled.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the construction contract type with its description:

    <p>Stipulated price (fixed-price) contract = Price established through a bidding process Cost plus contract = Contractor reimbursed for actual costs plus additional fee Unit price contract = Contractor paid pre-determined amount for each unit of work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some disadvantages of the Design/Build methodology?

    <p>Longer time period, communication restrictions, lack of construction expertise input, adversarial relationships, architect as arbitrator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some advantages of the Design/Build methodology?

    <p>Simplifies arrangement and reduces risk for the owner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) method requires full collaboration among the main parties.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Design Assist by Contractor method, a general contractor is hired to provide input and feedback during the __________.

    <p>design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Integrated Design Process (IDP) about?

    <p>It involves collaboration of multiple stakeholders from day one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IDP differs from a conventional approach in that it aims to be more collaborative.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some objectives of the IDP approach?

    <p>accessibility, sustainability, security, and other factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IDP is a BC Housing requirement for all projects undergoing LEED ____________.

    <p>certification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drawing provides a top or horizontal view of a structure?

    <p>Plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of view does an interior elevation show?

    <p>Vertical view of the details inside of a building for a specific room or area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Construction documents include building plans, drawings, and specifications.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drawings are typically drawn to a ______. This means that relative sizes are correctly represented.

    <p>scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a feasibility study in a project?

    <p>To determine the viability and practicability of a project.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the functional program/design brief of a project?

    <p>Key design criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the schematic design phase, the architect discusses key issues with the client before fine-tuning the design.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The construction documents phase represents about ___% of the design effort.

    <p>45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of post-occupancy evaluation?

    <p>To review and rate a building after it has been occupied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of functional attributes considered in post-occupancy evaluation? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Aesthetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Design/Build (D/B) is a common project delivery method.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Construction cost is the cost to build a facility and is a function of the ________ and the time required to design and construct it.

    <p>space of the facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an off-page reference in a drawing?

    <p>To locate a separate but related drawing that is found on another page</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are the main participants in the construction project stakeholder group?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the construction project phases, which phase involves 'Design/Bid/Build'?

    <p>Schematic Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Pre-Design phase, decisions are made regarding the type of construction contract.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does IDP stand for in the context of building design?

    <p>Integrated Design Process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are objectives of the integrated building design approach?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IDP approach aims to minimize costs and maximize performance in building projects.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IDP involves active and continuing collaboration of multiple stakeholders, building designers, and consultants from various fields, working together from ______.

    <p>day one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some disadvantages of the Design/Build/Build delivery method?

    <p>longer time period, separation of design and construction, adversarial relationship between owner and contractor, architect's role as arbitrator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key advantage does the Design/Build methodology offer?

    <p>Simplifies arrangement and reduces risk for the owner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) requires full collaboration among the main parties involved.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Design Assist by Contractor, a general contractor is hired to provide input and feedback during the ____.

    <p>design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Construction Documents and Projects

    Construction Documents

    • A set of construction drawings depicts different views of a structure, including:
      • Plan (top or horizontal view)
      • Elevation (vertical view of a building)
      • Section (vertical view of a building as seen through a cross-section)
    • Types of drawings:
      • Site plan (bird's-eye view of a property, including lot boundaries, exterior elements, and features)
      • Floor plan (overhead view of a building's interior, including rooms, walls, windows, and doors)
      • Landscape plan (orientation, flows, features, and positioning of landscape design elements)
      • Interior elevation (vertical view of details inside a building, including height and location of interior walls, doorways, and windows)
      • Exterior elevation (vertical view of a building's exterior, including floor elevations and dimensions of important heights)
    • Standard information displayed on drawings:
      • Drawing identification (name, label, and referencing)
      • Scale (drawings are drawn to a specific ratio relative to the actual size of the place or object)
      • Specifications (precise descriptions of products, materials, standards, equipment, services, construction systems, and processes)
      • Schedules (lists or tables containing detailed information about construction elements, such as doors, hardware, and finishes)
      • Title block (information about the project, including project name, address, date, and drawing title)
      • List of drawings (for large projects, a list of all drawings is provided)
      • List of consultants (names and addresses of the owner, designers, architects, engineers, and others involved in the project)
      • Material board (photos of tiles, furniture, and other materials, used to view tile patterns and identify contrasts)

    Key Features and Symbols

    • Line types:
      • Hidden object lines (dashed lines indicating hidden components or items destined for removal)
      • Visible object lines (solid lines depicting visible components and outlines of physical features)
      • Centre line (drawn through the centre of a feature, often denoted by "CL" at one end)
      • Dimension lines (perpendicular to an object, used to identify dimensions)
      • Contour lines (used to identify ground elevation and indicate the slope or grade of the terrain)
    • Symbols:
      • On-page reference (used to identify a reference to a specific item on a drawing)
      • Off-page reference (used to locate a separate but related drawing on another page)
      • Cloud (indicates that the area is under development and will change as the design progresses)

    Construction Projects

    • Construction project stakeholders:

      • Owners (public and private-sector buyers of construction, holding ownership or legal title to the land or site and the completed building project)
      • Designers (consultants, including architects, engineers, planners, and specialty consultants, responsible for design documentation and overseeing construction)
      • Constructors (contractors, sub-contractors, trade contractors, manufacturers, suppliers, and trades responsible for construction of buildings)
      • Other stakeholders (lending institutions, real estate services, trade associations, researchers, analysts, Authorities Having Jurisdiction, and miscellaneous official and service agencies)

    • Construction project phases:

      1. Planning and programming (pre-design)
      2. Schematic design
      3. Design development
      4. Construction documents
      5. Bidding (tendering) and negotiation
      6. Construction
      7. Commissioning
      8. Transition planning
      9. Post-construction/takeover
      10. Post-occupancy evaluation### Post-Construction/Takeover

    • The post-construction phase involves assembling and submitting all necessary documents to the owner for building operation and maintenance.

    Phases of Project Delivery

    • There are 10 phases of project delivery:
      • Planning and Programming (pre-design)
      • Schematic Design
      • Design Development
      • Construction Documents
      • Bidding (Tendering) and Negotiation
      • Construction
      • Commissioning
      • Transition Planning
      • Post-Construction/Takeover
      • Post-Occupancy Evaluation

    Planning and Programming (Pre-Design)

    • Key activities:
      • Site analysis and site conditions report
      • Needs analysis and planning
      • Feasibility study (optional)
      • Project vision
      • Functional program/design brief
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to bring Universal Design strategies to the table and ensure they are reflected in the project vision and functional program/design brief.

    Schematic Design

    • Key activities:
      • Establishing a preliminary design based on the functional program and site conditions report
      • Assembling the design team
      • Evaluating design alternatives
      • Fine-tuning the design
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to identify potential accessibility requirements and ensure they are documented.

    Design Development

    • Key activities:
      • Refining the schematic design
      • Creating detailed technical drawings
      • Fine-tuning project cost and space requirements
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to collaborate with consultants to ensure the design is complete and easily translated into construction drawings.

    Construction Documents

    • Key activities:
      • Producing construction drawings and specifications
      • Developing schedules and supporting documents
      • Ensuring building code compliance
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to ensure all accessibility requirements are reflected in the drawings and specifications.

    Bidding (Tendering) and Negotiation

    • Key activities:
      • Inviting contractors to bid on the project
      • Negotiating with and selecting a contractor
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to assist the architect and client in responding to questions and evaluating bids from an accessibility perspective.

    Construction

    • Key activities:
      • Construction of the project
      • Conducting site inspections
      • Ensuring compliance with the building permit and building code
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to attend site meetings and review the performance of the contractor with respect to accessibility.

    Commissioning

    • Key activities:
      • Testing and verifying that all components and systems are installed and working in accordance with design specifications
      • Identifying and correcting deficiencies
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to maintain communication with the commissioning agent to ensure accessibility requirements are included and tested.

    Transition Planning

    • Key activities:
      • Developing change management plans and processes
      • Providing orientation and training to facilitate a smooth transition to the new or upgraded facility
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to help owners and end-users understand how to operate, adjust, and maintain accessible features in the building.

    Post-Occupancy Evaluation

    • Key activities:
      • Reviewing and rating the performance of a completed building
      • Evaluating functional attributes such as accessibility, efficiency, and aesthetics
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to conduct on-site visits and submit ratings for certification.

    Building and Construction Costs

    • Key definitions:

      • Project cost: total cost of the project, including all capital costs
      • Construction cost: cost to build a facility, based on space and design time
      • Operating and maintenance costs: expenses related to the day-to-day administration and maintenance of a facility### Life Cycle Cost

    • Represents the total cost of a facility throughout its expected life

    • Includes project (capital) costs and ongoing operating and maintenance costs

    • Formula: Life Cycle Cost = Project (Capital) Cost + Operating Cost + Maintenance Cost

    Business Case

    • A key component of a project's feasibility study
    • Provides background and rationale for project initiation
    • Includes business benefits (qualitative and quantitative) and total expected life cycle costs
    • RHFAC Professionals may provide input regarding accessibility costs and benefits

    Construction Contracts

    • RHFAC Professionals should have a basic understanding of different types of construction contracts
    • Three main types of construction contracts:
      • Stipulated price (fixed-price) contracts
      • Cost plus contracts
      • Unit price contracts

    Project Delivery Methods

    • A systematic approach to designing, constructing, and operating a project
    • Selection of the delivery method is a key decision that affects project costs and controls
    • RHFAC Professionals should understand the language of project delivery to work effectively with designers and stakeholders

    Types of Project Delivery Methods

    • Design/Bid/Build (D/B/B)
    • Design/Build (D/B)
    • Variations on D/B/B and D/B:
      • Design Assist by Contractor
      • Construction Management at Risk
    • Public-Private Partnership (P3)
    • Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)

    Design/Bid/Build (D/B/B)

    • Most traditional and frequently used project delivery method
    • Three distinct sequential project phases: design, bid, and build
    • Characteristics:
      • All prospective builders bid on a known design
      • Owner or government agency contracts with separate entities for design and construction
    • Advantages:
      • Widely used and well understood
      • Thorough understanding of design prior to construction
      • Costs are usually known prior to construction
    • Disadvantages:
      • Longer time period to execute
      • Separation of design and construction may restrict communication
      • Important design decisions lack a full perspective regarding construction methods and materials

    Design/Build (D/B)

    • A single entity provides both design and construction services
    • Characteristics:
      • Owner or government agency contracts with a single entity
      • Designer receives a fee for services
    • Advantages:
      • Simplifies the arrangement and reduces risk for the owner
      • Time and cost savings
      • Better sense of probable construction costs earlier in the process
      • Contractor input into construction logistics during design
    • Disadvantages:
      • Cost is determined before the design is complete
      • Reduced design control and involvement by the owner and other stakeholders

    Variations on Design/Bid/Build and Design/Build

    • Design Assist by Contractor:
      • Contractor is engaged early in the project to provide input and expertise
      • Benefits: improved quality, early identification and resolution of issues, and reduction of costs
    • Construction Management at Risk:
      • A construction manager acts as an advisor to the owner
      • Provides expertise throughout the design phase
      • Benefits: simplified arrangement, reduced risk for the owner, and improved quality

    Public-Private Partnership (P3)

    • A cooperative venture between the public and private sectors
    • Characteristics:
      • Private entity finances the project and assumes construction risks
      • Public entity repays the private entity when the project is completed
    • Advantages:
      • Risk is off-loaded from the public sector to the private sector
      • P3s have been compared to leasing a car
    • Disadvantages:
      • A service is purchased today that must be paid for in the future

    Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)

    • A relatively new method that contractually requires full collaboration among the main parties
    • Characteristics:
      • Owner, builder, and design team are all bound to a common contract
      • Risk, liability, and reward are collectively managed and shared
    • Advantages:
      • Substantial savings in terms of time, materials, and money
      • Focus on the final outcome, or the finished building

    Construction Documents and Projects

    Construction Documents

    • A set of construction drawings depicts different views of a structure, including:
      • Plan (top or horizontal view)
      • Elevation (vertical view of a building)
      • Section (vertical view of a building as seen through a cross-section)
    • Types of drawings:
      • Site plan (bird's-eye view of a property, including lot boundaries, exterior elements, and features)
      • Floor plan (overhead view of a building's interior, including rooms, walls, windows, and doors)
      • Landscape plan (orientation, flows, features, and positioning of landscape design elements)
      • Interior elevation (vertical view of details inside a building, including height and location of interior walls, doorways, and windows)
      • Exterior elevation (vertical view of a building's exterior, including floor elevations and dimensions of important heights)
    • Standard information displayed on drawings:
      • Drawing identification (name, label, and referencing)
      • Scale (drawings are drawn to a specific ratio relative to the actual size of the place or object)
      • Specifications (precise descriptions of products, materials, standards, equipment, services, construction systems, and processes)
      • Schedules (lists or tables containing detailed information about construction elements, such as doors, hardware, and finishes)
      • Title block (information about the project, including project name, address, date, and drawing title)
      • List of drawings (for large projects, a list of all drawings is provided)
      • List of consultants (names and addresses of the owner, designers, architects, engineers, and others involved in the project)
      • Material board (photos of tiles, furniture, and other materials, used to view tile patterns and identify contrasts)

    Key Features and Symbols

    • Line types:
      • Hidden object lines (dashed lines indicating hidden components or items destined for removal)
      • Visible object lines (solid lines depicting visible components and outlines of physical features)
      • Centre line (drawn through the centre of a feature, often denoted by "CL" at one end)
      • Dimension lines (perpendicular to an object, used to identify dimensions)
      • Contour lines (used to identify ground elevation and indicate the slope or grade of the terrain)
    • Symbols:
      • On-page reference (used to identify a reference to a specific item on a drawing)
      • Off-page reference (used to locate a separate but related drawing on another page)
      • Cloud (indicates that the area is under development and will change as the design progresses)

    Construction Projects

    • Construction project stakeholders:

      • Owners (public and private-sector buyers of construction, holding ownership or legal title to the land or site and the completed building project)
      • Designers (consultants, including architects, engineers, planners, and specialty consultants, responsible for design documentation and overseeing construction)
      • Constructors (contractors, sub-contractors, trade contractors, manufacturers, suppliers, and trades responsible for construction of buildings)
      • Other stakeholders (lending institutions, real estate services, trade associations, researchers, analysts, Authorities Having Jurisdiction, and miscellaneous official and service agencies)

    • Construction project phases:

      1. Planning and programming (pre-design)
      2. Schematic design
      3. Design development
      4. Construction documents
      5. Bidding (tendering) and negotiation
      6. Construction
      7. Commissioning
      8. Transition planning
      9. Post-construction/takeover
      10. Post-occupancy evaluation### Post-Construction/Takeover

    • The post-construction phase involves assembling and submitting all necessary documents to the owner for building operation and maintenance.

    Phases of Project Delivery

    • There are 10 phases of project delivery:
      • Planning and Programming (pre-design)
      • Schematic Design
      • Design Development
      • Construction Documents
      • Bidding (Tendering) and Negotiation
      • Construction
      • Commissioning
      • Transition Planning
      • Post-Construction/Takeover
      • Post-Occupancy Evaluation

    Planning and Programming (Pre-Design)

    • Key activities:
      • Site analysis and site conditions report
      • Needs analysis and planning
      • Feasibility study (optional)
      • Project vision
      • Functional program/design brief
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to bring Universal Design strategies to the table and ensure they are reflected in the project vision and functional program/design brief.

    Schematic Design

    • Key activities:
      • Establishing a preliminary design based on the functional program and site conditions report
      • Assembling the design team
      • Evaluating design alternatives
      • Fine-tuning the design
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to identify potential accessibility requirements and ensure they are documented.

    Design Development

    • Key activities:
      • Refining the schematic design
      • Creating detailed technical drawings
      • Fine-tuning project cost and space requirements
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to collaborate with consultants to ensure the design is complete and easily translated into construction drawings.

    Construction Documents

    • Key activities:
      • Producing construction drawings and specifications
      • Developing schedules and supporting documents
      • Ensuring building code compliance
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to ensure all accessibility requirements are reflected in the drawings and specifications.

    Bidding (Tendering) and Negotiation

    • Key activities:
      • Inviting contractors to bid on the project
      • Negotiating with and selecting a contractor
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to assist the architect and client in responding to questions and evaluating bids from an accessibility perspective.

    Construction

    • Key activities:
      • Construction of the project
      • Conducting site inspections
      • Ensuring compliance with the building permit and building code
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to attend site meetings and review the performance of the contractor with respect to accessibility.

    Commissioning

    • Key activities:
      • Testing and verifying that all components and systems are installed and working in accordance with design specifications
      • Identifying and correcting deficiencies
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to maintain communication with the commissioning agent to ensure accessibility requirements are included and tested.

    Transition Planning

    • Key activities:
      • Developing change management plans and processes
      • Providing orientation and training to facilitate a smooth transition to the new or upgraded facility
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to help owners and end-users understand how to operate, adjust, and maintain accessible features in the building.

    Post-Occupancy Evaluation

    • Key activities:
      • Reviewing and rating the performance of a completed building
      • Evaluating functional attributes such as accessibility, efficiency, and aesthetics
    • The RHFAC Professional's role is to conduct on-site visits and submit ratings for certification.

    Building and Construction Costs

    • Key definitions:

      • Project cost: total cost of the project, including all capital costs
      • Construction cost: cost to build a facility, based on space and design time
      • Operating and maintenance costs: expenses related to the day-to-day administration and maintenance of a facility### Life Cycle Cost

    • Represents the total cost of a facility throughout its expected life

    • Includes project (capital) costs and ongoing operating and maintenance costs

    • Formula: Life Cycle Cost = Project (Capital) Cost + Operating Cost + Maintenance Cost

    Business Case

    • A key component of a project's feasibility study
    • Provides background and rationale for project initiation
    • Includes business benefits (qualitative and quantitative) and total expected life cycle costs
    • RHFAC Professionals may provide input regarding accessibility costs and benefits

    Construction Contracts

    • RHFAC Professionals should have a basic understanding of different types of construction contracts
    • Three main types of construction contracts:
      • Stipulated price (fixed-price) contracts
      • Cost plus contracts
      • Unit price contracts

    Project Delivery Methods

    • A systematic approach to designing, constructing, and operating a project
    • Selection of the delivery method is a key decision that affects project costs and controls
    • RHFAC Professionals should understand the language of project delivery to work effectively with designers and stakeholders

    Types of Project Delivery Methods

    • Design/Bid/Build (D/B/B)
    • Design/Build (D/B)
    • Variations on D/B/B and D/B:
      • Design Assist by Contractor
      • Construction Management at Risk
    • Public-Private Partnership (P3)
    • Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)

    Design/Bid/Build (D/B/B)

    • Most traditional and frequently used project delivery method
    • Three distinct sequential project phases: design, bid, and build
    • Characteristics:
      • All prospective builders bid on a known design
      • Owner or government agency contracts with separate entities for design and construction
    • Advantages:
      • Widely used and well understood
      • Thorough understanding of design prior to construction
      • Costs are usually known prior to construction
    • Disadvantages:
      • Longer time period to execute
      • Separation of design and construction may restrict communication
      • Important design decisions lack a full perspective regarding construction methods and materials

    Design/Build (D/B)

    • A single entity provides both design and construction services
    • Characteristics:
      • Owner or government agency contracts with a single entity
      • Designer receives a fee for services
    • Advantages:
      • Simplifies the arrangement and reduces risk for the owner
      • Time and cost savings
      • Better sense of probable construction costs earlier in the process
      • Contractor input into construction logistics during design
    • Disadvantages:
      • Cost is determined before the design is complete
      • Reduced design control and involvement by the owner and other stakeholders

    Variations on Design/Bid/Build and Design/Build

    • Design Assist by Contractor:
      • Contractor is engaged early in the project to provide input and expertise
      • Benefits: improved quality, early identification and resolution of issues, and reduction of costs
    • Construction Management at Risk:
      • A construction manager acts as an advisor to the owner
      • Provides expertise throughout the design phase
      • Benefits: simplified arrangement, reduced risk for the owner, and improved quality

    Public-Private Partnership (P3)

    • A cooperative venture between the public and private sectors
    • Characteristics:
      • Private entity finances the project and assumes construction risks
      • Public entity repays the private entity when the project is completed
    • Advantages:
      • Risk is off-loaded from the public sector to the private sector
      • P3s have been compared to leasing a car
    • Disadvantages:
      • A service is purchased today that must be paid for in the future

    Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)

    • A relatively new method that contractually requires full collaboration among the main parties
    • Characteristics:
      • Owner, builder, and design team are all bound to a common contract
      • Risk, liability, and reward are collectively managed and shared
    • Advantages:
      • Substantial savings in terms of time, materials, and money
      • Focus on the final outcome, or the finished building

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    Description

    This quiz covers the role of RHFAC Professionals in construction projects, including new construction and retrofits, and their influence on design and accessibility.

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