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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue proper?
Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue proper?
Myoepithelial cells help to absorb secretions in glandular tissues.
Myoepithelial cells help to absorb secretions in glandular tissues.
False
List the three types of cells found in olfactory neuroepithelium.
List the three types of cells found in olfactory neuroepithelium.
Olfactory cells, Sustentacular cells, Basal cells
____ is a type of specialized connective tissue that provides flexibility and support in specific joints.
____ is a type of specialized connective tissue that provides flexibility and support in specific joints.
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Match the types of cartilage with their characteristics:
Match the types of cartilage with their characteristics:
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Which type of connective tissue has collagen bundles arranged in a parallel manner?
Which type of connective tissue has collagen bundles arranged in a parallel manner?
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Loose Connective Tissue is characterized by tightly arranged cells and fibers.
Loose Connective Tissue is characterized by tightly arranged cells and fibers.
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What is the primary function of Loose Connective Tissue?
What is the primary function of Loose Connective Tissue?
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The fiber that provides tensile strength in connective tissues is called ______.
The fiber that provides tensile strength in connective tissues is called ______.
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Which fiber type has the least abundance in connective tissue?
Which fiber type has the least abundance in connective tissue?
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Match the following connective tissue with its location:
Match the following connective tissue with its location:
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Elastic fibers are known for their tensile strength and are thicker than collagen fibers.
Elastic fibers are known for their tensile strength and are thicker than collagen fibers.
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Name one cellular component found in Loose Connective Tissue.
Name one cellular component found in Loose Connective Tissue.
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What type of connective tissue is characterized by the presence of chondrocytes and a semisolid gel matrix?
What type of connective tissue is characterized by the presence of chondrocytes and a semisolid gel matrix?
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Elastic connective tissue predominately provides rigid support.
Elastic connective tissue predominately provides rigid support.
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Name one primary function of reticular tissue.
Name one primary function of reticular tissue.
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In cartilage, ____ cells are responsible for the formation of new cartilage matrix.
In cartilage, ____ cells are responsible for the formation of new cartilage matrix.
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Which of the following tissues is characterized by fibers masked in the matrix?
Which of the following tissues is characterized by fibers masked in the matrix?
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Match the types of cartilage with their locations:
Match the types of cartilage with their locations:
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Appositional growth in cartilage is responsible for the increase in girth of cartilage mass.
Appositional growth in cartilage is responsible for the increase in girth of cartilage mass.
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What is the primary ground substance of the mucous connective tissue?
What is the primary ground substance of the mucous connective tissue?
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Study Notes
Animal Histology
- Animal histology studies the microscopic structure of animal tissues.
Epithelial Tissues
- Derived from 3 germ layers.
- Densely packed cells with little or no intercellular material in between
- Cells have prominent nuclei.
- Rest on a basement membrane.
- Active in mitosis, leading to high regeneration.
- Avascular (nourished by underlying connective tissue).
- Exhibit polarity and cell surface modifications.
Classification of Simple Epithelia
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Simple squamous: Flat, thin, scale-like cells with a central spherical nucleus.
- Endothelium: Lines blood vessels.
- Mesothelium: Lines body cavities (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum, Bowman's capsule).
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Simple cuboidal: Rectangular cells with a central spherical nucleus.
- Found in kidneys, ovaries, thyroid glands, and small ducts.
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Simple columnar: Pillar-like cells with a basal oval nucleus.
- Found in the GI tract, large ducts, uterus, and oviducts.
- Some simple columnar cells are ciliated, aiding in movement of mucus.
Classification of Stratified Epithelia
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Stratified squamous: Multiple layers with a keratinized (no nuclei in the uppermost layer) or non-keratinized (nuclei in the uppermost layer) type.
- Keratinized: Found in the epidermis of the skin.
- Non-keratinized: Found in the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal.
- Stratified cuboidal: Two layers of cuboidal cells; rare; found in sweat and salivary gland ducts.
- Stratified columnar: Multiple layers; found in large ducts, male urethra, and conjunctiva.
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Transitional: Appearance changes depending on the organ's functional state; found in the ureter and urinary bladder.
- Distended: 2-4 layers with flattened superficial cells.
- Contracted: 4-6 layers with dome-shaped superficial cells.
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Pseudostratified: Seems layered due to varying cell heights, but all cells rest on the basement membrane.
- Ciliated: Found in the trachea and respiratory tract.
- Stereociliated: Found in the epididymis.
Polarity and Specialization of Epithelial Tissue
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Apical/Distal Surface: Faces the lumen/free surface.
- Cilia: Beat in waves to move mucus and trapped materials; found in respiratory tracts and oviducts.
- Flagella: Also for movement; found in sperm cells.
- Microvilli: Extensions of the plasma membrane; increase surface area for absorption; cores of actin microfilaments.
- Basal Body: Thin dense line at the base of cilia (e.g., trachea).
- Stereocilia: Long, thin clusters of microvilli; in epididymis and ductus deferens (absorptive function); in hair cells of the organ of Corti (sensory function).
Glands
- Exocrine glands: Have ducts; secrete water-containing enzymes via a duct system to surface glands.
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Endocrine glands: Ductless; secrete hormones through capillary networks to target cells or organs.
- Development: Cells proliferate and grow into underlying connective tissue. Contact with the surface creates exocrine glands; otherwise, endocrine.
Classification of Exocrine Glands
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Number of cells:
- Unicellular: Single-celled glands (e.g., goblet cells).
- Multicellular: Multiple-celled glands (e.g., salivary glands).
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Arrangement of duct:
- Simple: Unbranched ducts.
- Compound: Branched ducts.
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Shape of secretory unit:
- Tubular: Tube-shaped.
- Saccular/Alveolar: Sac- or bulb-shaped.
Nature of Secretory Products
- Serous glands: Secrete watery fluids (often with enzymes) e.g., parotid glands.
- Mucus glands: Secrete mucus (viscous glycoprotein); e.g., goblet cells.
- Mixed glands: Secrete both serous and mucus; e.g., submaxillary gland.
Modes of Secretion
- Merocrine: Secretion via exocytosis (no loss of cytoplasm).
- Apocrine: Loss of apical cytoplasm and the secretory product.
- Holocrine: Entire cells release their contents with the secretory product.
Epithelium Types Based on Function
- Membrane epithelium
- Glandular epithelium
- Myoepithelium: Contractile cells helping gland secretion.
- Neuroepithelium: Specialized epithelium with sensory functions. (e.g., olfactory epithelium)
Connective Tissue
- Characteristics: Connects, supports, and separates other tissue.
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Basic components:
- Cells
- Extracellular matrix:
- Fibers
- Ground substance
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Classification of connective tissue:
- Connective tissue proper; specialized connective tissue;
- CT Proper
- Loose CT
- Dense CT
- Modified loose CT
- Specialized CT
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Blood
Connective Tissue Proper
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Loose Connective Tissue:
- Very disorganized, with cells dispersed amongst fibers.
- Moderately viscous ground substance.
- Found beneath epithelial tissues and between other tissues (fills spaces).
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue:
- Collagen bundles in a disorganized array.
- Provides resistance to stress from any direction.
- Found in the dermis.
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue:
- Fibers densely packed into bundles; organized into parallel arrays.
- Provides great tensile strength.
- Found in tendons, ligaments, periosteum, and some organ capsules. Different connective tissue subtypes vary based on fiber types, density, and arrangement
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Modified "Loose" Connective Tissues
- Adipose Tissue: Composed of adipocytes for energy storage (reticular fibers and little ground substance).
- Reticular Tissue: Provides support and filters other tissues; type III collagen.
- Elastic Connective Tissue: High in elastic fibers providing flexibility (e.g., ligamenta flava).
- Mucous connective tissue: Predominantly abundant with mucus and hyaluronic acid-based subtances.
- Pigment tissue: Contains specialized cells rich in pigments (melanocytes).
- Lamina Propria: Specialized layer of connective tissue underlying epithelial tissues.
Specialized Connective Tissues
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Cartilage: Semi-solid matrix;
- Hyaline: Most common type, found in the nose, trachea, and larynx.
- Elastic: Flexible, found in the external ears and epiglottis.
- Fibrocartilage: Strongest type, found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.
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Bone: Hard mineral matrix; supportive and protective.
- Osteoblasts (bone deposition), osteocytes (mature bone cells), and osteoclasts (bone resorption).
- Bone matrix contains calcium phosphate, chondroitin-sulfate, keratin sulfate, and "masked" collagen fibers.
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Blood: Liquid matrix; transportation and function.
- Cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes.
- Matrix: Liquid plasma, fibrin.
- Blood cells include: erythrocytes, leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes), thrombocytes.
Muscle Tissue
- Skeletal muscle: Voluntary movement; long cylindrical cells.
- Cardiac muscle: Involuntary, continuous contractions; branched cells.
- Smooth muscle: Involuntary slow contractions; fusiform cells.
Nervous Tissue
- Nerve cells (neurons): Carry impulses; receive and integrate stimuli, translate them into action potentials, and propagate and transform messages to deliver messages to the target cells
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Neuroglial cells (glial cells): Supporting cells. Different subtypes exist:
- Structural and nutritional support for neurons.
- Electrical insulation.
- Enhancement of the speed of impulse conduction along axons.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the different types of connective tissue proper and their functions. This quiz covers key concepts such as characteristics, locations, and specific cell types. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of histology and connective tissue in biology.
