Connective Tissue and Nutritional Science Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary vitamin needed for the synthesis of healthy collagen fibers?

  • Vitamin B12
  • Vitamin C (correct)
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin D

    • Which function of connective tissue involves binding two bones together?

  • Physical protection
  • Transport
  • Binding of structures (correct)
  • Support and structural framework

    • What is a major consequence of vitamin C deficiency as seen in scurvy?

  • Enhanced calcium storage
  • Weakness and gum ulceration (correct)
  • Improved immune response
  • Overproduction of collagen

    • Marfan Syndrome primarily affects which type of tissue in the body?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major role of adipose tissue in the body?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes areolar connective tissue?

    <p>Has loose organization of collagen and elastic fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of adipose connective tissue?

    <p>Storage of energy and insulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue has a meshwork structure that supports lymphatic organs?

    <p>Reticular connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of dense irregular connective tissue?

    <p>Provides resistance to stress in multiple directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which areas of the body would you typically find elastic connective tissue?

    <p>Lining of large blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage consists of collagenous fibers embedded in a firm matrix?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the healing properties of dense regular connective tissue compare to those of loose connective tissue?

    <p>Dense regular has few blood vessels, taking longer to heal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of dense regular connective tissue?

    <p>Tightly packed parallel collagen fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes reticular connective tissue from other types of connective tissue?

    <p>A network of reticular fibers creating a supportive framework.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue primarily serves as insulation and energy storage?

    <p>Adipose tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue lines the stomach and is responsible for secreting substances for digestion?

    <p>Epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the areolar connective tissue found in the walls of the stomach?

    <p>Support and housing of blood vessels and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body membrane lines compartments that open to the external environment?

    <p>Mucous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of secretion involves the pinching off of the apical membrane of the cell?

    <p>Apocrine secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue cell is responsible for producing fibers and ground substance?

    <p>Fibroblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of membrane produces serous fluid to reduce friction between opposing surfaces in body cavities?

    <p>Serous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a holocrine gland?

    <p>Secretion involves cell disintegration after accumulation of product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the increase in size of existing cells in a tissue?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions refers to the shrinkage of tissue due to a decrease in cell number or size?

    <p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component primarily found in the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Ground substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue cells moves continuously through the tissue and is a part of the immune system?

    <p>Wandering cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes uncontrolled tissue growth leading to the formation of a tumor?

    <p>Neoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of secretion is characteristic of merocrine glands?

    <p>Exocytosis of substances without damaging the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue forms the cutaneous membrane, commonly known as skin?

    <p>Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the mesothelium in serous membranes?

    <p>Production of serous fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of collagen fibers in connective tissue?

    <p>Resist stretching and provide tensile strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following connective tissue cells is responsible for the secretion of antibodies?

    <p>Plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition refers to the death of tissue due to irreversible damage?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of aging tissues?

    <p>Thinner epithelial tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein fibers is abundant in lymph nodes and acts as a framework for connective tissue?

    <p>Reticular fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gland includes the secretory glands of the pancreas?

    <p>Merocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which membrane is composed of areolar connective tissue and lacks a basement membrane?

    <p>Synovial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following situations do mesenchymal cells play a critical role?

    <p>Dividing to replace damaged connective tissue cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metaplasia in terms of epithelial adaptation?

    <p>Change to a different epithelial form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the characteristics of wandering cells?

    <p>Continuously migrate and respond to injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue underlies the body's mucous membranes?

    <p>Areolar connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mast cells in connective tissue?

    <p>Secrete substances that mediate immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein fibers can stretch and recoil easily?

    <p>Elastic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is unique to simple cuboidal epithelium?

    <p>It is ideal for small ducts and glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium is primarily involved in protection against abrasion?

    <p>Stratified Squamous Epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

    <p>Has cilia on its apical surface that help move mucus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelium contains goblet cells that secrete mucus?

    <p>Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial tissue forms the lining of air sacs in the lungs?

    <p>Simple Squamous Epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

    <p>It consists of multiple layers with dead cells filled with keratin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do transitional epithelial cells serve in the urinary tract?

    <p>Facilitating stretching of the bladder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endocrine glands are characterized by which of the following features?

    <p>They secrete their products directly into the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of exocrine glands?

    <p>Secreting substances into ducts for local use or elimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelium appears to have multiple layers but is actually a single layer with nuclei at varying heights?

    <p>Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium can be found lining the kidney tubules?

    <p>Simple Cuboidal Epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial cells are primarily responsible for secretion in the glandular system?

    <p>Cuboidal Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of stratified squamous epithelium remains alive all the way to the apical surface?

    <p>Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue is primarily located in the respiratory system?

    <p>Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of pseudostratified epithelium?

    <p>All cells appear layered due to varying cell heights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell shape is described as being wider than it is tall?

    <p>Squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines cuboidal cells?

    <p>Approximately as tall as they are wide with a spherical nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to transitional cells when the epithelium is stretched?

    <p>They become more flattened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following descriptions pertains to columnar cells?

    <p>Slender, taller than they are wide with an oval nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelial cell type is likely found lining the bladder?

    <p>Transitional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about squamous cells?

    <p>They are flat and have flattened nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT characterize pseudostratified epithelium?

    <p>Contains multiple layers of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tissue Organization

    • Tissues are groups of similar cells and extracellular material performing a common function. Examples include protection.
    • Histology is the study of tissues
    • Four main tissue types exist: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. These tissues have varied structures and functions.

    Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

    • Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities.
    • Forms the majority of glands.
    • Composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells.
    • Contains little to no extracellular matrix, and, importantly, no blood vessels.

    Cellularity and Polarity

    • Composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells.
    • Has an apical surface exposed to either the external environment or internal body space. This surface may have microvilli or cilia.
    • Has a lateral surface with intercellular junctions.
    • Has a basal surface attached to connective tissue.

    Attachment to Basement Membrane

    • Complex structure produced by epithelium and connective tissue.
    • Consists of three layers: lamina lucida, lamina densa, and reticular lamina.
    • Contains collagen fibers and specific proteins and carbohydrates.
    • Forms a selective barrier between epithelium and connective tissue.

    Avascularity and Innervation

    • Nutrients obtained across the apical or basal surface.
    • Extensive innervation detects environmental changes in the region.
    • Has a high regeneration capacity.
    • Cells are frequently damaged or lost, but stem cells adjacent to the basement membrane frequently undergo mitosis.
    • Replacement of lost cells is ongoing.

    Epithelial Tissue Functions

    • Physical Protection: Protects external and internal surfaces from dehydration, abrasion, and destruction
    • Selective Permeability: Regulates the passage of molecules maintaining a barrier for certain substances.
    • Secretion: Secretes specialized molecules by scattered cells or organized glands.
    • Sensations: Contains nerve endings that gather info on touch, pressure, temperature, and pain (neuroepithelium).

    Epithelial Tissue Classification

    • Classification is denoted by a two-part name indicating the number of epithelial layers, and the shape of cells at the apical surface (the exposed end of the cell).

    Simple Epithelium

    • One cell layer thick.
    • All cells in direct contact with basement membrane
    • Found in areas with low stress levels.
    • Functions primarily in filtration, absorption, or secretion.
    • Examples: lining of air sacs of lungs, intestines, and blood vessels (endothelium).

    Stratified Epithelium

    • Two or more layers of epithelial cells.
    • Only the basal layer is in direct contact with basement membrane.
    • Found in areas subjected to mechanical stress.
    • Better able to withstand wear and tear (e.g., skin).
    • Cells continually regenerate at the basal layer as apical cells are lost.

    Pseudostratified Epithelium

    • Type of simple epithelium.
    • All cells attached to the basement membrane.
    • Appears layered due to cell nuclei distributed at various levels, with some cells not reaching the apical surface.
    • Commonly ciliated (e.g., in respiratory system)

    Epithelial Cell Shapes

    • Squamous cells are flat, wide, and irregular, like floor tiles. Their nuclei are flattened.
    • Cuboidal cells are approximately as tall as they are wide, and have spherical nuclei in the center of the cell.
    • Columnar cells are slender and taller than wide, and have oval nuclei.
    • Transitional cells change shape depending on whether the epithelium is stretched (e.g., in the bladder). They are polyhedral when relaxed and flattened when stretched.

    Glands

    • Glands are individual cells or multicellular organs composed predominantly of epithelial tissue.
    • They secrete substances either for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination.

    Endocrine Glands

    • Lack ducts.
    • Secrete hormones into interstitial fluid and then into the bloodstream.
    • Act as chemical messengers affecting cell activity elsewhere.

    Exocrine Glands

    • Formed from invaginated epithelium in connective tissue.
    • Connected with epithelial surfaces via a duct, lined with epithelium.
    • Include: sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

    Unicellular Exocrine Glands

    • Typically do not contain a duct.
    • Locate close to their epithelial surface.
    • A common example is the goblet cell.

    Multicellular Exocrine Glands

    • Contain numerous cells including acini (secretory portions)
    • Contain ducts carrying secretions to epithelial surfaces
    • Are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and partitioned into lobes.

    Classification of Exocrine Glands

    • Merocrine glands package and release secretions via exocytosis (e.g., salivary glands and some sweat glands).
    • Apocrine glands release secretions by pinching off portions of the apical membrane, containing secretory product. (e.g., mammary glands).
    • Holocrine glands accumulate a product in a cell followed by cell disintegration into a viscous mixture. (e.g., oil-producing glands of the skin).

    Connective Tissue: Cells in a Support Matrix

    • Most abundant tissue type.
    • Supporting, protecting, binding organs, and tissues.
    • Structure includes cells, protein fibers, and ground substance.
    • Examples: tendons, ligaments, body fat, cartilage, bone, and blood.

    Connective Tissue Cells: Resident Cells

    • Include fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, and fixed macrophages.
    • Fibroblasts are the most abundant resident cells that secrete fibers and ground substance of the extracellular matrix.
    • Adipocytes, also called fat cells, appear in clusters and when dominant, the tissue is termed adipose connective tissue.
    • Mesenchymal cells are embryonic stem cells, which divide to replace damaged cells.
    • Fixed macrophages are relatively large, irregular-shaped cells derived from monocytes that phagocytize (engulf) damaged cells and pathogens.

    Connective Tissue Cells: Wandering Cells

    • Continuously move through connective tissue, and are components of the immune system.
    • May help repair damaged extracellular matrix.
    • Examples: mast cells, plasma cells, free macrophages, and other leukocytes (white blood cells).

    Connective Tissue Supporting Matrix: Protein Fibers

    • Strengthen and support the tissue.
    • Collagen fibers are strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching (numerous in tendons and ligaments).
    • Reticular fibers are thinner than collagen and tough but flexible, abundant in stroma.
    • Elastic fibers are branching wavy fibers stretching and recoiling easily found in skin, lungs, and arteries.

    Connective Tissue Supporting Matrix: Ground Substance

    • Nonliving material produced, mostly viscous (e.g., blood).
    • Contains diverse large molecules and water.
    • May be semisolid (e.g., cartilage) or solid (e.g., bone) to ensure solid support.
    • Extracellular matrix is the ground substance and protein fibers combined.

    Connective Tissue Functions

    • Physical Protection: Protects delicate organs (e.g., skull and ribcage).
    • Support and Structural Framework: Supports the body (e.g., bones).
    • Binding of Structures: Binds structures together (e.g., ligaments).
    • Storage: Stores energy (e.g., fat) and minerals (e.g., calcium and phosphorus).
    • Transport: Transports substances (e.g., blood).
    • Immune Protection: Protects against disease (e.g., leukocytes).

    Clinical View: Scurvy

    • Collagen is essential for supporting body tissues.
    • Vitamin C is needed for healthy collagen fibers.
    • Deficiency causes scurvy.
    • Symptoms include weakness, sore gums, hemorrhages, abnormal bone growth.
    • Treat with foods high in vitamin C or supplements.

    Clinical View: Marfan Syndrome

    • A genetic disorder of connective tissue.
    • Involves skeletal, cardiovascular, and visual abnormalities (e.g. long limbs, fingers).
    • Commonly causes dislocated joints, aortic weakness, abnormal heart valves, and a slipped lens.
    • Often results in early death due to cardiovascular problems.

    Integration of Tissues in Organs and Body Membranes

    • Organs, composed of two or more tissue types, work together for specific complex functions.
    • Examples of organs containing all four tissue types: the stomach and the heart.

    Body Membranes

    • Formed from epithelial tissue attached to underlying connective tissue.
    • Line body cavities (e.g., lining of digestive system).
    • Cover viscera (internal organs).
    • Cover the body's external surface.
    • Four main types: mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial.

    Mucous Membrane

    • Lines body compartments opening to the exterior.
    • Includes digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive pathways.
    • Performs absorptive, protective, and secretory functions.
    • Contains lamina propria (connective tissue) under the epithelium.
    • Often lined with mucus.

    Serous Membrane

    • Lines body cavities that don't open to the exterior.
    • Composed of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium).
    • secretes thin, watery serous fluid.
    • Reduces friction between opposing surfaces or organs (e.g., lungs and their surrounding cavities).

    Cutaneous Membrane

    • Also known as skin
    • Covers the body's external surface.
    • Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, and underlying connective tissue.
    • Protects internal organs and prevents water loss.

    Synovial Membrane

    • Lines joints.
    • Composed of areolar connective Tissue, covered by a squamous epithelium lacking a basement membrane.
    • Secretes synovial fluid that reduces friction among moving bone parts, and distributes nutrients to cartilage.

    Tissue Development and Aging of Tissue

    • Metaplasia is the change of mature epithelium to a different form (e.g., smokers experiencing metaplastic changes in trachea epithelium).
    • Hypertrophy is an increase in size of existing cells in a tissue.
    • Hyperplasia is an increase in number of cells in a tissue.
    • Neoplasia is uncontrolled tissue growth.
    • Atrophy is the shrinkage of tissue by decreasing cell numbers or size (e.g., disuse atrophy of muscles).

    Tissue Necrosis

    • Tissue death due to irreversible damage.
    • Inflammatory response occurs in response to the damage.
    • Examples include gangrene.

    Aging of Tissues

    • Support, maintenance, and replacement of cells/matrix less efficient after middle age.
    • Structure and chemical composition of tissues become altered.
    • Collagen declines.
    • Tissues lose pliability/resilience.
    • Repair is slower.
    • Bones become more brittle and muscles/nervous tissues atrophy.
    • Accelerated declines if poor diet or circulation.

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