30 Questions
What is the definition of Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning?
Learning that an event, object, or context predicts a particular outcome.
What is the Unconditioned Stimulus (US) in Classical Conditioning?
Biologically salient stimulus (e.g., food).
What is the Conditioned Response (CR) in Classical Conditioning?
Response elicited by the Conditioned Stimulus (CS).
What is an example of an appetitive setup in Classical Conditioning?
Metronome predicts food.
What is an example of conditioning without the Unconditioned Stimulus (US)?
Sensory preconditioning: Two neutral stimuli presented together, then one is paired with a US.
What is the limitation known as Overshadowing in Classical Conditioning?
Learning is biased towards the more salient of two stimuli.
What is the emphasis of the Rescorla-Wagner model?
Consistent relationship between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US)
What does the Contiguity principle emphasize?
Proximity in time and space for learning
What drives learning according to the text?
Difference between expectation and actual experience
What does positive correlation between CS and US lead to?
Excitatory conditioning
What does negative correlation between CS and US lead to?
Inhibitory conditioning
What do mathematical models help generate?
Hypotheses
In conditioning, what does prediction error refer to?
The discrepancy between expectation and actual outcome
What aspect affects conditioning speed?
Salience of conditioned stimuli
What does the Scola-Wagner model explain?
Blocking, extinction, and conditioned inhibition
What does the learning curve show over time?
Fastest growth at the start, decreasing over time
What is the focus of attention-based models in conditioning?
The importance of CS and US effectiveness in learning
What strengthens with each conditioning trial?
Expectation of the unconditioned stimulus
What does the Rescorla-Wagner model provide a framework for?
Establishing and predicting outcomes based on probabilities
Inhibitory conditioning occurs when?
The probability of the unconditioned stimulus (US) occurring in the absence of the conditioned stimulus (CS) is greater than when the CS is present
What does the Rescorla-Wagner model raise concerns about?
The arbitrary assignment of time intervals
What is the suppression ratio used to measure in the conditioned emotional response experiment?
Fear
What does the Rescorla-Wagner model predict outcomes of classical conditioning based on?
Trial-by-trial learning
When does excitatory conditioning occur?
Involves a positive correlation between the CS and the US, leading to a conditioned response
Which theory assumes an extra level of cognition and doesn't predict on a trial-by-trial basis?
Ricola Wagner Theory
What type of stimuli are discrete cues at specific intervals, while the other type are constant environmental cues?
Conditioned stimuli and contextual stimuli
Which factor plays a vital role in addiction, as demonstrated by Vietnam soldiers' addiction patterns?
Familiar spaces
What does weakening the primary CS-US association unmask, affecting conditioned response?
Secondary CS-US association
According to comparative theories, what do they compare the likelihood of CS-US occurring together versus?
The US occurring without the CS
What type of learning focuses on overall history rather than step-by-step learning?
Incremental learning
Study Notes
Theories of Conditioned Learning and Contextual Influence
- Familiar spaces can reduce the development of fear when threatened.
- Chemotherapy can lead to aversion to a novel taste paired with sickness; familiar tastes result in weaker aversions.
- Comparative theories compare the likelihood of CS-US occurring together versus the US occurring without the CS.
- Incremental learning focuses on overall history rather than step-by-step learning.
- Learning occurs even if the stimulus doesn't display an obvious behavioral response.
- Comparator theories propose that both stimuli form associations, affecting the subject's performance at tests.
- Ricola Wagner Theory assumes an extra level of cognition and doesn't predict on a trial-by-trial basis.
- Weakening the primary CS-US association can unmask the second CS-US association, affecting conditioned response.
- Conditioned stimuli can be discrete cues at specific intervals, while contextual stimuli are constant environmental cues.
- Contextual stimuli and CS can acquire equal excitatory strength when equally paired with the US.
- Context plays a vital role in addiction, as demonstrated by Vietnam soldiers' addiction patterns.
- Context determines physiological responses to drugs, affecting tolerance and the drug's effects.
Test your knowledge of theories of conditioned learning and the influence of context with this quiz. Explore concepts such as fear reduction in familiar spaces, aversion development in chemotherapy, comparative and incremental learning theories, and the role of context in addiction and drug tolerance.
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