Conditioned Responses and Stimulus Contingency

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Questions and Answers

What is positive reinforcement?

A punishment is given to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

A reward is given to increase the likelihood of a behavior happening again (correct)

An undesirable event is experienced to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

A negative event is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

What is avoidance learning?

Learning to ignore negative reinforcement in order to continue behaviors

Choosing to face negative stimuli to learn a lesson

Learning that you can control all negative outcomes

Learning to make a specific response to avoid a negative stimulus (correct)

Which is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Sex (correct)

Money

Secondary Reinforcers

Avoidance learning

In what circumstance can avoidance learning lead to learned helplessness?

When an organism learns that negative outcomes are uncontrollable Signup and view all the answers

What is discrimination in the context of reinforcement?

Knowing when a behavior will not be reinforced Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates primary from secondary reinforcement?

Primary reinforcements are associated with survival needs, secondary are optional Signup and view all the answers

What does Thorndike's law of effect state?

Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, and behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened. Signup and view all the answers

What did Skinner's pigeon-guided missile concept involve?

Pigeons guiding missiles through pecking at moving images on a screen for a food reward. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe rewarding approximations of a desired behavior until the desired behavior occurs?

Shaping Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental principle of operant conditioning according to Skinner?

The behavior is shaped through positive and negative reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

How did Skinner apply the basic principles of operant conditioning during WWII?

By using pigeons to guide missiles through operant conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

What does Thorndike's S-R theory emphasize in relation to learning?

A connection between stimulus and response is needed for learning. Signup and view all the answers

What is required for conditioned responses to be learned best?

Contiguity and contingency Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in generalization during classical conditioning?

A new similar stimulus elicits a response similar to the CR Signup and view all the answers

What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

Learning to respond to certain stimuli while not responding to others Signup and view all the answers

When does spontaneous recovery occur in classical conditioning?

When the CR returns after a time delay without further conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What did John Watson and his student Rosalie Rayner study in relation to classical conditioning?

Explanation for phobias using classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What does renewal refer to in classical conditioning?

The recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context Signup and view all the answers

Why is Elmer crying in the text?

He is cutting onions and it makes his eyes water. Signup and view all the answers

At what time did the clock chime in the text?

5:00 p.m. Signup and view all the answers

What behavior did Elmer and his friend engage in before Elmer's eyes started to water?

Watching TV. Signup and view all the answers

Why does Elmer's eyes start to water in the text?

As a reaction to cutting onions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors was NOT mentioned in the text?

Running a marathon. Signup and view all the answers

What consequences did Tim face in the text?

Not being able to do his chores for two days. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the goal of Activity Handout 6.2: How Do You Shape This Behavior?

Demonstrating the concept of shaping behaviors Signup and view all the answers

In Activity Handout 6.3: Which Schedule Is It?, what is the purpose of having students read various scenarios?

Determining the schedule of reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Partial Reinforcement activity where students are divided into groups?

Developing examples for various reinforcement schedules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a goal of the lecture/discussion on Applied Behavioral Analysis?

Identifying immediate and delayed reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Immediate Reinforcement and Delayed Reinforcement according to the text?

The immediacy of reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Why is Shaping introduced to students in the context of operant conditioning?

To demonstrate changing complex behaviors in small steps Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning involves the use of reinforcement, punishment, and extinction to modify behavior.
Shaping is a technique used to reward approximations of a desired behavior until the desired behavior occurs.
Immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed reinforcement in strengthening behavior.
Immediate punishment is more effective than delayed punishment in weakening behavior.

Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement occurs when a stimulus is added to increase the probability of a behavior.
Negative reinforcement occurs when a stimulus is removed to increase the probability of a behavior.
Primary reinforcers are biological needs, such as food and water, that are necessary for survival.
Secondary reinforcers, such as money, gain their value through experience.

Generalization and Discrimination

Generalization occurs when a response is given to similar stimuli.
Discrimination occurs when an individual responds to stimuli that signal when a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
Thorndike's law of effect states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes will be strengthened, and those followed by negative outcomes will be weakened.

Skinner's Approach

B.F. Skinner applied operant conditioning principles to all species.
He used pigeons to guide missiles during WWII and wrote a novel, Walden Two, on a scientifically managed society operated through operant conditioning.

Shaping and Conditioning

Shaping is a technique used to examine complex behaviors, such as service dog training.
Research has found a connection between brain activity and operant conditioning.
Conditioned responses are learned best when the CS and UCS occur close together with contiguity and contingency.

Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

Extinction occurs when the UCS is removed, and the CR weakens.
Spontaneous recovery occurs when the CR returns after a time delay without further conditioning.
Renewal refers to the recovery of the conditioned response in a novel context.

Classical Conditioning in Humans

Classical conditioning explains phobias, which are irrational fears.
John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated classical conditioning in an experiment with an infant, Albert, and a white rat.
Classical conditioning is used to explain fears and phobias in humans.

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Description

Learn about the importance of contiguity and contingency in conditioned responses. Explore concepts like generalization and discrimination in stimulus response learning.