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Questions and Answers
What is positive reinforcement?
What is positive reinforcement?
- A punishment is given to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
- A reward is given to increase the likelihood of a behavior happening again (correct)
- An undesirable event is experienced to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
- A negative event is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
What is avoidance learning?
What is avoidance learning?
- Learning to ignore negative reinforcement in order to continue behaviors
- Choosing to face negative stimuli to learn a lesson
- Learning that you can control all negative outcomes
- Learning to make a specific response to avoid a negative stimulus (correct)
Which is an example of a primary reinforcer?
Which is an example of a primary reinforcer?
- Sex (correct)
- Money
- Secondary Reinforcers
- Avoidance learning
In what circumstance can avoidance learning lead to learned helplessness?
In what circumstance can avoidance learning lead to learned helplessness?
What is discrimination in the context of reinforcement?
What is discrimination in the context of reinforcement?
What differentiates primary from secondary reinforcement?
What differentiates primary from secondary reinforcement?
What does Thorndike's law of effect state?
What does Thorndike's law of effect state?
What did Skinner's pigeon-guided missile concept involve?
What did Skinner's pigeon-guided missile concept involve?
What is the term used to describe rewarding approximations of a desired behavior until the desired behavior occurs?
What is the term used to describe rewarding approximations of a desired behavior until the desired behavior occurs?
What is the fundamental principle of operant conditioning according to Skinner?
What is the fundamental principle of operant conditioning according to Skinner?
How did Skinner apply the basic principles of operant conditioning during WWII?
How did Skinner apply the basic principles of operant conditioning during WWII?
What does Thorndike's S-R theory emphasize in relation to learning?
What does Thorndike's S-R theory emphasize in relation to learning?
What is required for conditioned responses to be learned best?
What is required for conditioned responses to be learned best?
What occurs in generalization during classical conditioning?
What occurs in generalization during classical conditioning?
What is discrimination in classical conditioning?
What is discrimination in classical conditioning?
When does spontaneous recovery occur in classical conditioning?
When does spontaneous recovery occur in classical conditioning?
What did John Watson and his student Rosalie Rayner study in relation to classical conditioning?
What did John Watson and his student Rosalie Rayner study in relation to classical conditioning?
What does renewal refer to in classical conditioning?
What does renewal refer to in classical conditioning?
Why is Elmer crying in the text?
Why is Elmer crying in the text?
At what time did the clock chime in the text?
At what time did the clock chime in the text?
What behavior did Elmer and his friend engage in before Elmer's eyes started to water?
What behavior did Elmer and his friend engage in before Elmer's eyes started to water?
Why does Elmer's eyes start to water in the text?
Why does Elmer's eyes start to water in the text?
Which of the following behaviors was NOT mentioned in the text?
Which of the following behaviors was NOT mentioned in the text?
What consequences did Tim face in the text?
What consequences did Tim face in the text?
Which of the following is the goal of Activity Handout 6.2: How Do You Shape This Behavior?
Which of the following is the goal of Activity Handout 6.2: How Do You Shape This Behavior?
In Activity Handout 6.3: Which Schedule Is It?, what is the purpose of having students read various scenarios?
In Activity Handout 6.3: Which Schedule Is It?, what is the purpose of having students read various scenarios?
What is the main focus of the Partial Reinforcement activity where students are divided into groups?
What is the main focus of the Partial Reinforcement activity where students are divided into groups?
Which of the following is NOT a goal of the lecture/discussion on Applied Behavioral Analysis?
Which of the following is NOT a goal of the lecture/discussion on Applied Behavioral Analysis?
What is the difference between Immediate Reinforcement and Delayed Reinforcement according to the text?
What is the difference between Immediate Reinforcement and Delayed Reinforcement according to the text?
Why is Shaping introduced to students in the context of operant conditioning?
Why is Shaping introduced to students in the context of operant conditioning?
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Study Notes
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning involves the use of reinforcement, punishment, and extinction to modify behavior.
- Shaping is a technique used to reward approximations of a desired behavior until the desired behavior occurs.
- Immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed reinforcement in strengthening behavior.
- Immediate punishment is more effective than delayed punishment in weakening behavior.
Reinforcement
- Positive reinforcement occurs when a stimulus is added to increase the probability of a behavior.
- Negative reinforcement occurs when a stimulus is removed to increase the probability of a behavior.
- Primary reinforcers are biological needs, such as food and water, that are necessary for survival.
- Secondary reinforcers, such as money, gain their value through experience.
Generalization and Discrimination
- Generalization occurs when a response is given to similar stimuli.
- Discrimination occurs when an individual responds to stimuli that signal when a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
- Thorndike's law of effect states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes will be strengthened, and those followed by negative outcomes will be weakened.
Skinner's Approach
- B.F. Skinner applied operant conditioning principles to all species.
- He used pigeons to guide missiles during WWII and wrote a novel, Walden Two, on a scientifically managed society operated through operant conditioning.
Shaping and Conditioning
- Shaping is a technique used to examine complex behaviors, such as service dog training.
- Research has found a connection between brain activity and operant conditioning.
- Conditioned responses are learned best when the CS and UCS occur close together with contiguity and contingency.
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
- Extinction occurs when the UCS is removed, and the CR weakens.
- Spontaneous recovery occurs when the CR returns after a time delay without further conditioning.
- Renewal refers to the recovery of the conditioned response in a novel context.
Classical Conditioning in Humans
- Classical conditioning explains phobias, which are irrational fears.
- John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated classical conditioning in an experiment with an infant, Albert, and a white rat.
- Classical conditioning is used to explain fears and phobias in humans.
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