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Questions and Answers
What influences the speed and success of categorization decisions?
How do real-world categories differ from category structures used in experiments?
What did Ameel, Malt & Storms compare in their study?
What happens to the naming patterns of children as they get older?
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What does the text say about the learning of real-world categories?
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What happens to over-extended words like 'fles' over time?
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What extends beyond the acquisition of new words in children's vocabulary development?
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What did the study by Ameel, Malt & Storms focus on?
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What is the main finding of the study by Ameel, Malt & Storms regarding children's naming patterns?
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What do the category structures used in experiments vary along?
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What tends to help delineate the borders of categories?
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According to the contrast model, how is the similarity between exemplars i and j calculated?
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What do common features tend to do to categories?
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In which cases are the family resemblance and polymorphous concept models special cases?
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When are typicality predictions based upon within-category feature data optimal?
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What do distinctive features tend to help with?
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What is a special case of the common features of the contrast model?
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What does the Contrast Model calculate the similarity between exemplars i and j from?
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What type of features tend to be found in the contrast category?
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What type of features tend to be found in the target category?
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What did Rosch et al.'s research in 1976 show about the features generated for different category levels?
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What did Tanaka and Taylor's comparison of naming patterns of dog experts and bird experts demonstrate?
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How does hierarchical organization optimize cognitive economy?
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What did Dry & Storms (2011) argue was the reason for the failure to find contrast category effects in some models?
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What did Verbeemen et al. (2001) find regarding the existence of contrast category effects?
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In what way do conceptual representations have a graded category structure?
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Why are basic level categories considered the most useful?
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What did participants in Rosch et al.'s study generate the most names for?
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What did Dry & Storms (2011) find when distinctive feature information was considered?
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What is the impact of expertise on the utility of category abstraction?
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Study Notes
Hierarchy and Structure in Conceptual Representations
- Conceptual representations follow a hierarchical structure with three levels: subordinate, basic, and superordinate.
- Basic level categories are the most useful due to their balance of informativeness and distinctiveness.
- The basic level in a taxonomy is where categories carry the most information and are most differentiated from each other.
- Research by Rosch, Mervis, Gray, Johnson & Boyes-Braem in 1976 showed that very few features were generated for superordinate categories, while most features were at the basic and subordinate levels.
- Participants in the study by Rosch et al. generated 1595 basic level names, 14 subordinate level names, and 1 superordinate level name for objects.
- The utility of category abstraction varies based on expertise, as demonstrated by Tanaka and Taylor's comparison of naming patterns of dog experts and bird experts.
- Efficient thinking requires choosing the right level of abstraction, as seen in the examples of naming objects.
- Hierarchical organization optimizes cognitive economy by allowing for inferences based on category relationships.
- Conceptual representations have graded category structure, influenced by inter-item similarity relationships and contrast categories.
- The existence of contrast category effects has seen little empirical support, with studies like Verbeemen et al. (2001) finding few significant correlations.
- Dry & Storms (2011) argued that models not accounting for distinctive feature information led to the failure to find contrast category effects.
- When distinctive feature information was considered, significant evidence of contrast category effects was found in the prediction of typicality gradients for categories within the domains of animals and artifacts.
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Description
Test your knowledge of hierarchy and structure in conceptual representations with this quiz. Explore the levels of categorization, the balance of informativeness and distinctiveness, and the influence of expertise on category abstraction. Delve into the cognitive economy, category relationships, and the debate surrounding contrast category effects.
