Conceptual Physics Chapter 25 Flashcards
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The time it takes for one back-and-forth motion of a pendulum is called the _____________.

Period

List the two things that determine the period of a pendulum.

The length of the pendulum and the acceleration of gravity.

Circle the letter of each statement about a pendulum that is true. (a) A longer pendulum has a longer period. (b) A shorter pendulum swings with a greater frequency. (c) Mass does not affect the period of the pendulum. (d) All pendulums swing at the same rate.

  • True for (a) and (b)
  • True for (c)
  • True for (a), (b), and (c) (correct)
  • None of the above

    • What is simple harmonic motion?

    <p>The back and forth vibratory motion of a swinging pendulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the following sentence true or false? A sine curve is a pictorial representation of a wave.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circle the letter that best describes the source of all waves. (a) A temperature change (b) A change in pressure (c) Something that vibrates (d) An electrical current.

    <p>Something that vibrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a crest?

    <p>High point on a wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a trough?

    <p>Low point on a wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of amplitude?

    <p>Distance from a midpoint to crest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of wavelength?

    <p>Distance between successive identical parts of a wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of frequency?

    <p>Vibrations per unit of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of hertz?

    <p>Unit of frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the following sentence true or false? As the frequency of a vibrating source increases, the period increases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the wave that forms and what is transmitted when a stone is dropped in a pond.

    <p>If you drop a stone into a pond, you'll produce a wave that moves out from the center in an expanding circle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sound waves are a(n) _______________ that travels through the air.

    <p>Disturbance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circle the letter of each statement about sound waves in air that is true. (a) They carry energy. (b) Air is the medium they travel through. (c) They are a disturbance that moves through the air. (d) Air molecules are carried along with the wave.

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the following sentence true or false? The speed of a wave depends on the medium through which it travels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speed of sound in air is about ________ m/s to _________ m/s.

    <p>330; 350</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the following sentence true or false? Sound travels faster in air than in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circle the letter of each wave property that is related. (a) Speed (b) Frequency (c) Direction (d) Wavelength.

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe how to calculate the speed of a wave.

    <p>To calculate the speed of a wave, you multiply its frequency and its wavelength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circle the letter of the equation used to calculate a wave's speed. (a) v = λp (b) v = λt (c) v = λf (d) v = λa.

    <p>v = λf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Greek letter _____________ is often used to represent wavelength.

    <p>λ (lambda)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the following sentence true or false? The equation for calculating the speed of a wave does not apply to light waves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe how wavelength and frequency are related for sound waves.

    <p>They vary inversely to produce the same wave speed for all sounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circle the letter that best describes a transverse wave. (a) The medium does not vibrate. (b) The medium vibrates at right angles to the direction the wave travels. (c) The medium vibrates in the same direction the wave travels. (d) A sound wave.

    <p>The medium vibrates at right angles to the direction the wave travels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circle the letter of each example of a transverse wave. (a) Waves in the strings of instruments (b) Radio waves (c) Light waves (d) Sound waves.

    <p>Radio waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the motion of the particles in a medium when a longitudinal wave passes through it.

    <p>The particles move along the direction of the wave rather than at right angles to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a longitudinal wave?

    <p>Sound wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A(n) _______________ is a regular arrangement of places where wave effects are increased, decreased, or neutralized.

    <p>Interference pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is constructive interference?

    <p>When crests overlap and effects add together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is destructive interference?

    <p>When crests overlap troughs and effects are reduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of out of phase?

    <p>When crests and troughs overlap to produce zero amplitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of in phase?

    <p>When crests of one wave overlap the crests of another wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe when wave interference occurs.

    <p>Interference occurs when waves from different sources arrive at the same place simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the following sentence true or false? Wave interference only occurs with transverse waves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the following sentence true or false? A wave that appears not to move is likely to be a standing wave.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The points on a standing wave where no motion occurs are called ________________.

    <p>Nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circle the letter of each statement about antinodes that is true. (a) They seem not to move. (b) They occur midway between nodes. (c) Location of largest amplitude (d) Location of zero amplitude.

    <p>They occur midway between nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Standing waves occur because of _______________.

    <p>Interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the conditions necessary - in terms of wavelength - for a standing wave to form in a rope attached to a wall.

    <p>The wavelength has to be half the length of the rope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the following sentence true or false? Standing waves can form in both transverse and longitudinal waves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the following sentence true or false? A moving wave source does not affect the frequency of the wave encountered by an observer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the Doppler effect.

    <p>The change in frequency of a wave as its source moves in relation to an observer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circle the letter of each statement about the Doppler effect that is true. (a) It occurs when a wave source moves toward an observer. (b) It occurs when an observer moves toward a wave source. (c) It occurs when a wave source moves away from an observer. (d) It occurs when an observer moves away from a wave source.

    <p>It occurs when a wave source moves toward an observer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the following sentence true or false? A higher frequency results when a wave source moves toward an observer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two fire trucks with sirens on speed toward and away from an observer. Identify which truck produces a higher than normal siren frequency and which produces a lower than normal siren frequency.

    <p>The truck moving towards the observer produces a higher than normal siren frequency. The truck moving away from the observer produces a lower than normal siren frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blue shift and red shift refer to how the Doppler effect affects _________ waves.

    <p>Light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A(n) ____________ in frequency is called a blue shift, while a(n) _____________ in frequency is called a red shift.

    <p>Increase; decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the following sentence true or false? Bow waves form a V-shaped wake in back of the moving source.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bow waves form when the wave source moves ___________ than the wave speed.

    <p>Faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the following sentence true or false? The crests of bow waves overlap at their edges.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circle the letter that describes how increasing the speed of the wave source above the wave speed affects the shape of the bow wave that is formed. (a) The bow wave is unchanged. (b) The bow wave has a narrower V shape. (c) The bow wave has a wider V shape. (d) The bow wave forms a straight line.

    <p>The bow wave has a narrower V shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A shock wave has the shape of a _________.

    <p>Cone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circle the letter that describes the conditions needed for a shock wave to form. (a) An object moves at the speed of sound. (b) The wave speed exceeds the object's speed. (c) The wave speed equals the object's speed. (d) An object moves faster than the speed of sound.

    <p>An object moves faster than the speed of sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sonic boom?

    <p>A sonic boom is the sharp crack heard when the shock wave that sweeps behind a supersonic aircraft reaches the listener.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why don't we hear a sonic boom from a subsonic aircraft?

    <p>The sound wave crests reach our ears one at a time and are perceived as a continuous tone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the following sentence true or false? A sonic boom is formed only at the moment an object breaks through the sound barrier.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Concepts of Vibrations and Waves

    • Period: The time for one complete back-and-forth motion of a pendulum.
    • Factors Determining Period: Length of the pendulum and acceleration of gravity.
    • Simple Harmonic Motion: Characterized by the back-and-forth vibratory motion, such as that observed in a swinging pendulum.

    Wave Properties

    • Crest: The highest point on a wave.
    • Trough: The lowest point on a wave.
    • Amplitude: The distance from the midpoint to the crest.
    • Wavelength: The distance between successive identical points of a wave.
    • Frequency: The number of vibrations per unit of time, measured in Hertz (Hz).

    Wave Behavior

    • Wave Formation: Dropping a stone in a pond generates circular waves radiating outward.
    • Sound Waves: Defined as disturbances traveling through the air, carrying energy without moving air molecules along with them.
    • Speed of Sound: Approximately 330 m/s to 350 m/s in air; faster in water than in air.

    Wave Speed Calculation

    • Formula: Wave speed (v) can be calculated using the equation v = λf, where λ is wavelength and f is frequency.
    • Relationship: Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional; as one increases, the other decreases to maintain constant wave speed.

    Types of Waves

    • Transverse Waves: The medium vibrates at right angles to wave motion; examples include light waves and waves on strings.
    • Longitudinal Waves: The medium vibrates in the same direction as the wave travels; sound waves are the primary example.

    Interference of Waves

    • Constructive Interference: Occurs when crests overlap, enhancing wave amplitude.
    • Destructive Interference: Occurs when crests overlap troughs, reducing wave amplitude.
    • Nodes and Antinodes: In standing waves, nodes are points of no motion, while antinodes are points of maximum motion.

    Doppler Effect

    • Definition: The change in frequency of a wave due to the motion of the source relative to an observer.
    • Frequency Changes: A source moving toward an observer results in a higher frequency; moving away leads to a lower frequency.
    • Applications: Seen with sound waves from moving vehicles or with light waves resulting in blue shift (increase in frequency) and red shift (decrease in frequency).

    Shock Waves and Sonic Booms

    • Conditions for Shock Waves: Formed when an object moves faster than the speed of sound, creating a conical wave front.
    • Sonic Boom: The sharp sound produced when a shock wave reaches an observer, not limited to just when breaking the sound barrier.

    Wave Behavior During Motion

    • Bow Waves: Created when a source moves faster than the wave speed, producing a V-shaped wake.
    • Wave Representation: A sine curve visually represents the oscillations and features of waves, reinforcing the understanding of their properties.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on vibrations and waves with this set of flashcards from Chapter 25 of the Conceptual Physics workbook. Focus on key concepts such as periods, pendulum behavior, and factors affecting motion. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of these physical phenomena.

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