Concepts of Justice and Equality
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Questions and Answers

What is considered a constitutive component of justice?

  • Individual freedoms
  • Cultural diversity
  • Economic growth
  • Equality (correct)

What does income primarily provide in contemporary market economies?

  • Access to health care
  • Social status
  • Community support
  • Choice and access to goods (correct)

What is the main focus of luck egalitarianism?

  • Promoting cultural equality
  • Compensating for life circumstances (correct)
  • Equal income distribution for all
  • Ensuring personal responsibility for choices

According to the responsibility principle, which inequalities are considered justifiable?

<p>Inequalities from voluntary actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge when evaluating well-being based on income?

<p>People have varying capabilities to convert resources into well-being (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does formal equality of opportunity aim to eliminate?

<p>Discrimination based on uncontrollable factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of justice, what is meant by 'negative formulation' in inequalities?

<p>Rejecting inequalities resulting from circumstances beyond personal control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be assessed to determine if inequalities are justifiable?

<p>Personal responsibility for the outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'human obsolescence' imply in the context of automation?

<p>Humans will become less useful or relevant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Agricultural Revolution primarily affect human societies?

<p>It resulted in significant population growth and sedentary living. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been the trend in agricultural employment in Western countries from 1800 to 2012?

<p>It has declined significantly with advancements in technology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about agricultural productivity is true?

<p>Technological advancements have led to increased productivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of agricultural labor continues to resist automation?

<p>Fruit picking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role are companies like Abundant Robotics playing in the modernization of agriculture?

<p>They develop automation technologies for fruit picking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of the population employed in agriculture in the United States by 2000?

<p>2% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes the change in human roles due to automation?

<p>Automation increases efficiency but makes certain human roles less necessary. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary function does HireVue serve in the hiring process?

<p>To collect recorded interview responses and analyze them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an 'insight score' in HireVue's assessment process?

<p>A score from 0-100 that ranks candidates for further review. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk associated with using HireVue's tool?

<p>Potential inaccuracies in recognizing diverse speech patterns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a criticism of using physical features in the hiring process?

<p>It may lack a credible link to actual job performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Oracle's Recruiting Cloud offer to employers?

<p>Predictive insights into a candidate’s job offer acceptance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does HireVue assess for potential biases during its evaluation process?

<p>It regularly reviews accuracy and fairness against demographic subgroups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of candidates being evaluated based on facial expressions or physical traits?

<p>Candidates may feel their dignity is compromised. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of employers setting diversity goals?

<p>To create more inclusive workplaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT a feature analyzed by HireVue's machine learning tool?

<p>Clarity of responses to questions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of discrimination is characterized by explicit unfavorable outcomes tied to protected traits?

<p>Direct or interpersonal discrimination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hiring technology vendors claim their tools reduce discrimination?

<p>By masking applicants' sensitive attributes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to systemic discrimination within hiring practices?

<p>Using 'culture fit' as a criterion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does structural discrimination reflect?

<p>Broader societal patterns of inequality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can predictive tools perpetuate bias?

<p>Through biases present in the data collection process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often a source of unfairness, according to the content?

<p>Human prejudice and stereotyping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can internalized discrimination have on job seekers?

<p>Affects their behavior and willingness to apply for certain positions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Difference Principle allow for in the distribution of goods?

<p>Inequalities that benefit the worst-off members (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of the maximin principle?

<p>To maximize the welfare of the least advantaged (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential positive outcome of allowing some inequalities according to the Difference Principle?

<p>It can provide a larger share for the worst-off members (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated the founders of Strategeion to start the organization?

<p>Civic duty and support for veterans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does AI contribute to rising global inequalities?

<p>Through its impact on the labor market (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group did Strategeion primarily employ?

<p>Ex-military personnel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the motto 'leave no one behind' reflect?

<p>A commitment to inclusivity and support for all groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might some students think the Difference Principle demands equal distribution?

<p>Misunderstanding its allowance for beneficial inequality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does determinism imply about human decisions and actions?

<p>They are completely determined by previous causes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does deep learning exemplify deterministic systems according to the content?

<p>By systematically detecting patterns in social characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of disenchantment, according to Max Weber, describe?

<p>The replacement of religious forces with rationalization and intellectualization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Kate Crawford mean by 'ensemble enchanted determinism'?

<p>A portrayal of deep learning as magical yet deterministic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criticism of the automation-obsolescence discourse?

<p>It ignores the role of human agency entirely. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'rationalization' as discussed in the content?

<p>A way to master and control the world through calculative confidence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major aspect of contemporary deep learning systems is highlighted by Kate Crawford?

<p>Their ability to master new domains through technical calculation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of deep learning systems when predicting social characteristics?

<p>They often achieve a high level of predictability based on input data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Human Obsolescence

The idea that humans will become obsolete due to technology's advancement, particularly automation.

Agricultural Revolution

A period characterized by the shift from small, nomadic hunter-gatherer societies to larger, settled societies with agriculture as the primary economic activity.

Decline in Agricultural Employment

The significant decrease in the proportion of the population employed in agriculture due to technological advancements and automation.

Agricultural Productivity Increase

The ability of agriculture to produce more output with less labor, driven by technological innovations and advancements in agricultural machinery.

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Tasks Resistant to Automation

Tasks in agriculture that are difficult or impossible to automate due to their complexity and the need for human dexterity.

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Agricultural Automation

The development and use of machines to perform tasks previously done by humans in agriculture, leading to increased productivity and decreased human labor requirement.

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Abundant Robotics and FFRobotics

Companies specializing in developing agricultural robots, particularly focusing on apple picking automation.

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American Fruit Growers' Demand for Automation

The demand from fruit growers for automated picking systems, driven by factors such as labor shortages and the need for efficiency.

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Determinism

The belief that all events, including human actions, are predetermined by prior causes, making them predictable.

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Weber's Theory of Disenchantment

A philosophy by Max Weber that describes the shift in Western societies from mystical thinking to a focus on reason and science.

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Deep Learning and Social Prediction

Deep learning systems can identify and predict social characteristics from input data.

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Enchanted Determinism

The idea that deep learning systems seem to possess an aura of mystery and power, even while relying on deterministic calculations.

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Automation-Obsolescence

The process of replacing traditional human work with automated systems.

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AI inevitability

The belief that AI development is inevitable and uncontrollable, following a predetermined path.

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Deep Learning and Disenchantment

A criticism that deep learning systems, even when based on deterministic calculations, appear to violate the disenchanted view of the world.

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Deep Learning and Social Control

Deep learning systems can control social domains through technical calculations.

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Negative formulation of the responsibility principle

A principle that holds inequalities stemming from uncontrollable circumstances as unjust and calls for compensation for those disadvantaged.

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Responsibility principle

The idea that individuals should be held accountable for outcomes arising from their own choices, but not for factors beyond their control.

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Opportunities egalitarianism

A type of egalitarianism that advocates for providing everyone with equal opportunities to succeed in life, regardless of their background.

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Equality as a constitutive component of justice

A fundamental component of justice where individuals have an equal claim to certain resources or goods, ensuring fairness in distribution.

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Formal equality of opportunity

Ensures that individuals are not discriminated against based on factors beyond their control, like race, ethnicity, age, or gender.

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Income as a metric for evaluating well-being

A resource metric that measures individual well-being by considering their access to various goods and services in a market economy.

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Equality as a principle of justice

A fundamental concept in social and economic justice that proposes everyone should have an equal claim to certain resources or benefits.

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Compensation for accidents in life

The idea that individuals should be compensated for uncontrollable circumstances that negatively affect their well-being, suggesting that fairness requires addressing inequalities in opportunities.

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Direct Discrimination

An unfavorable outcome directly linked to a legally protected characteristic, like race or gender, either intentionally or unintentionally.

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Institutional Discrimination

Discrimination that occurs when company practices and culture implicitly favor certain groups, hindering others.

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Structural Discrimination

Discrimination rooted in broader societal patterns of inequality, like biases in opportunities.

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AI Biases

The idea that AI systems, despite being data-driven, might perpetuate biases existing in the data they are trained on, thus leading to unfair outcomes.

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Bias

The process of making judgments or decisions based on inherent biases or assumptions, rather than on objective information.

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Predictive Tools Perpetuating Discrimination

The potential for predictive tools to unfairly disadvantage certain groups due to biased data used in their training.

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Internalized Discrimination

Discrimination that arises from the way individuals behave or react to perceived biases or barriers.

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Protected Attributes

Any characteristic protected by law that cannot be used to discriminate against individuals, including race, religion, sex, age, disability, etc.

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Difference Principle

A principle that prioritizes the well-being of the least advantaged members of society by allowing inequalities only if they benefit those at the bottom.

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Maximin Principle

A strategy that aims to maximize the welfare of the most disadvantaged group in society by minimizing the worst possible outcomes.

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Inequalities for Overall Benefit

The idea that inequalities can be justified if they lead to increased productivity and overall societal wealth, ultimately benefiting even the least advantaged.

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Strategeion

A non-profit organization founded by veterans with a mission of providing public services, especially focusing on veterans.

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Hiring Policy of Strategeion

Strategeion's hiring practices that prioritize ex-military personnel, leading to high employee satisfaction and retention.

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Tech's Role in Inequality

Technological advancements, such as AI, are a significant contributor to rising global inequalities by impacting employment and the distribution of wealth.

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AI in Recruitment

AI can be used in the recruitment process to identify and screen candidates, potentially leading to biases and discrimination.

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Jobs in Building and Maintaining AI

AI systems are often developed and maintained by teams of engineers and programmers, creating new job opportunities in the tech sector.

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Video Interviewing

A method of hiring that uses recorded video interviews and machine learning to analyze facial expressions, speech patterns, and other signals to predict job performance.

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HireVue

A tool that ranks candidates based on their video interview performance, using artificial intelligence to analyze key factors like eye contact, tone of voice, and word choice.

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Predictive Hiring Tools

Using computer algorithms to predict whether a candidate will accept a job offer, considering factors like salary, benefits, and job satisfaction.

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Machine Learning in Hiring

A technology that analyzes video interviews and assigns a score based on factors like tone, facial expressions, and vocabulary, to determine suitability for a role.

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Accuracy Issues in Automated Hiring

Concerns about the accuracy of automated hiring systems, especially when dealing with diverse candidates, as these systems may be biased towards certain demographics.

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Questionable Validity of Facial Analysis in Hiring

The question of whether using physical features or facial expressions as hiring criteria is a fair and reliable indicator of job performance.

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Fairness & Dignity in Automated Hiring

Ethical concerns around the use of automated hiring tools, which may violate candidates' dignity and fairness by evaluating them based on immutable characteristics.

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Unintended Bias in Automated Hiring

Possible unintended consequences of automated hiring, where candidates may be penalized for factors like disabilities or speech impediments, leading to biased evaluations.

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Study Notes

Ethics, Law, and AI - Module on Economic and Political Impacts

  • Automation and Utopia by John Danher discusses the idea of human obsolescence, not as ceasing to exist, but as becoming unnecessary.
  • Technology is continually reshaping human roles, from the agricultural to industrial revolutions, and now with AI, the potential for machines to take over is greater.

The Agricultural Revolution

  • Approximately 10,000 years ago, humans transitioned from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agricultural communities, leading to population growth.
  • Agriculture enabled the development of complex societies, including governments and institutions.
  • In Western Europe, the percentage of the population working in agriculture decreased significantly from 30-70% in 1800 to below 5% in 2012. A similar trend occurred in the US, with the percentage of the population employed in agriculture declining from approximately 40% in 1900 to 2% in 2000.
  • Advancement in agricultural technology and machine labor led to increased productivity.

The Industrial Revolution

  • Starting in the UK in 1750, the Industrial Revolution transitioned societies from predominantly agricultural economies to industrial economies.
  • The rise of automated technologies replaced skilled human labor.
  • This revolution normalized automation, creating the modern assembly line paradigm.

Reshoring and the Case of the US Textile Industry

  • US textile production moved to low-wage countries in the 1990s, resulting in job losses.
  • There has been a rebound in US textile and apparel exports, with a 37% increase between 2009 and 2012.
  • Automation and the rise in costs of labor overseas are factors in the reshoring trend.

The Case of Self-Service

  • The growth of automated self-service retail sectors is increasing, lowering costs in areas like real estate, labor, and theft.
  • These machines contribute to 24-hour service while making targeted advertising possible.

The Case of Robotics

  • Automation and robotics are increasingly impacting retail stores, advancing into areas like stocking shelves to potentially replace some human labor.

The Case of Medical Diagnosis

  • Automation of medical diagnosis is becoming more advanced.
  • Technologies like cell phones that analyze speech patterns can diagnose illnesses and potentially identify cancers earlier.
  • The use of algorithms is increasing in healthcare and is expected to address some of the growing elderly population and decrease in caregivers.

Economic and Philosophical Considerations

  • AlphaGo, a program developed by DeepMind, uses deep neural networks and human training to play the board game Go, considered more complex than chess.
  • DeepMind's AlphaZero excels at various games, such as chess, by training against itself, showing mastery of the game without external instruction.

The Case of Detecting Sexual Orientation From Facial Images

  • Deep neural networks (DNNs) can accurately predict sexual orientation from facial images, outperforming human judges.
  • DNNs can process social cues beyond human perception.

Weber's Theory of Disenchantment

  • Weber's theory of disenchantment describes the decline of mystical and religious explanations for events and the increase in rationality and calculability in modern societies.
  • Artificial intelligence may challenge the epistemology of disenchantment by potentially displaying mystical behaviors.

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Ethics, Law, and AI PDF

Description

Test your understanding of various components of justice and equality, including luck egalitarianism and the responsibility principle. This quiz delves into the essential aspects that shape contemporary economic inequalities and measures of well-being. Explore how these theories apply to social justice today.

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