Social Justice Chapter 16 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the difference between equality of opportunity and equality of outcome?

Equality of opportunity is the idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life. Equality of outcome is the concept that society must ensure that people are equal.

What are black codes/Jim Crow laws?

Black codes are laws enacted by former slave states to restrict the freedom of blacks. Jim Crow laws reinforced segregation.

Describe racial segregation in the United States. Reference the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott.

Blacks were not allowed to use the same restrooms, drinking fountains, restaurants, schools, and other amenities as whites. In Dred Scott, the court decided that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the territories.

Explain the 'separate but equal doctrine.'

It is the concept that providing separate but equivalent facilities for blacks and whites satisfies the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the differences between de facto and de jure segregation. Which type of segregation was upheld in the Plessy case but dismantled in the Brown case?

De jure segregation is government-imposed, while de facto segregation results from residential patterns. De jure was upheld in Plessy but dismantled in Brown. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the civil rights movement.

It was the mass mobilization during the 1960s that sought to gain equality of rights and opportunities for blacks. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Rosa Parks and why was she significant to the civil rights movement?

Rosa Parks was a black woman who sat in the front of a bus and refused to get off, leading to a boycott. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott and why was it significant to the civil rights movement?

It was a boycott where all blacks refused to ride the bus, leading to the bus system going bankrupt. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Martin Luther King Jr. and why was he significant to the civil rights movement?

He was a Baptist minister who led many nonviolent boycotts and marches for the rights of blacks. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

It barred segregation in most public accommodations. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

It empowered the attorney general to send voter registration supervisors to areas with fewer than half the eligible minority voters registered. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Fair Housing Act of 1968?

It banned discrimination in the rental and sale of most housing. Signup and view all the answers

How did affirmative action laws change with the Supreme Court's ruling in the Regents case?

It struck down the school's rigid use of race and approved of affirmative action programs that use race as a plus factor. Signup and view all the answers

When did Native Americans receive citizenship and why was that significant?

Native Americans received citizenship in 1924, significant because they were pressured to assimilate into mainstream society. Signup and view all the answers

What event gave Hispanics national recognition for more rights?

The strike of the United Farm Workers union led by Cesar Chavez. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) extend the protections from the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

It extends protections to people with physical or mental disabilities, guaranteeing access to employment, transportation, and public accommodations. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Equality Concepts

Equality of Opportunity: Guarantees each individual the same chance to succeed regardless of background.
Equality of Outcome: Society must implement policies to ensure economic and social equality, redistributing wealth and status.

Historical Legislation

Black Codes: Laws from former slave states aimed at restricting the freedoms of Black individuals.
Jim Crow Laws: Reinforced racial segregation across public facilities and services.

Racial Segregation

Dred Scott Decision: Supreme Court ruling declaring that Congress could not prohibit slavery in territories; legitimized segregation norms.
Facilities Segregation: Blacks were barred from using the same amenities as whites, reflecting institutionalized discrimination.

Legal Doctrines

Separate but Equal Doctrine: Established that segregated facilities for different races could be deemed constitutionally acceptable if they were equal.
De Jure vs. De Facto Segregation:
- De Jure: Segregation mandated by law.
- De Facto: Segregation resulting from residential patterns and societal factors.
- Upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson but was dismantled in Brown v. Board of Education.

Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights Movement: Mass mobilization in the 1960s focused on achieving equal rights for Black individuals through peaceful means.
Rosa Parks: Civil rights icon who sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her seat, demonstrating the power of individual action.

Significant Events

Montgomery Bus Boycott: Widespread refusal by Black individuals to use the bus system, leading to financial collapse of the bus company and legal challenges against segregation.
Martin Luther King Jr.: Baptist minister and key figure in nonviolent protests for civil rights, emphasizing the importance of peaceful activism.

Major Legislative Acts

Civil Rights Act of 1964: Legislation that prohibited segregation in most public accommodations.
Voting Rights Act of 1965: Empowered the attorney general to oversee voter registration in areas with low minority participation.
Fair Housing Act of 1968: Banned discrimination in housing sales and rentals.

Affirmative Action

Regents Case Ruling: Supreme Court decision that invalidated strict racial quotas but supported affirmative action that considers race as a beneficial factor.

Native American Rights

Native American Citizenship (1924): Marked a shift from forced separation to assimilation, impacting cultural practices but eventually leading to heritage recovery.

Advocacy for Hispanic Rights

United Farm Workers Union Strike: Led by Cesar Chavez, this movement garnered national attention for Hispanic rights and labor issues.

Disability Rights

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Extends civil rights protections to individuals with physical or mental disabilities, ensuring access to various public services and opportunities.

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Test your understanding of key concepts in social justice with these flashcards from Chapter 16. Explore the differences between equality of opportunity and equality of outcome, among other important definitions. This quiz will help reinforce your knowledge of the principles that underpin social policies and their implications.