Questions and Answers
What is the difference between equality of opportunity and equality of outcome?
Equality of opportunity is the idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life. Equality of outcome is the concept that society must ensure that people are equal.
What are black codes/Jim Crow laws?
Black codes are laws enacted by former slave states to restrict the freedom of blacks. Jim Crow laws reinforced segregation.
Describe racial segregation in the United States. Reference the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott.
Blacks were not allowed to use the same restrooms, drinking fountains, restaurants, schools, and other amenities as whites. In Dred Scott, the court decided that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the territories.
Explain the 'separate but equal doctrine.'
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Explain the differences between de facto and de jure segregation. Which type of segregation was upheld in the Plessy case but dismantled in the Brown case?
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Describe the civil rights movement.
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Who was Rosa Parks and why was she significant to the civil rights movement?
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What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott and why was it significant to the civil rights movement?
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Who was Martin Luther King Jr. and why was he significant to the civil rights movement?
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What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
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What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
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What was the Fair Housing Act of 1968?
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How did affirmative action laws change with the Supreme Court's ruling in the Regents case?
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When did Native Americans receive citizenship and why was that significant?
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What event gave Hispanics national recognition for more rights?
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How did the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) extend the protections from the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
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Study Notes
Equality Concepts
- Equality of Opportunity: Guarantees each individual the same chance to succeed regardless of background.
- Equality of Outcome: Society must implement policies to ensure economic and social equality, redistributing wealth and status.
Historical Legislation
- Black Codes: Laws from former slave states aimed at restricting the freedoms of Black individuals.
- Jim Crow Laws: Reinforced racial segregation across public facilities and services.
Racial Segregation
- Dred Scott Decision: Supreme Court ruling declaring that Congress could not prohibit slavery in territories; legitimized segregation norms.
- Facilities Segregation: Blacks were barred from using the same amenities as whites, reflecting institutionalized discrimination.
Legal Doctrines
- Separate but Equal Doctrine: Established that segregated facilities for different races could be deemed constitutionally acceptable if they were equal.
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De Jure vs. De Facto Segregation:
- De Jure: Segregation mandated by law.
- De Facto: Segregation resulting from residential patterns and societal factors.
- Upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson but was dismantled in Brown v. Board of Education.
Civil Rights Movement
- Civil Rights Movement: Mass mobilization in the 1960s focused on achieving equal rights for Black individuals through peaceful means.
- Rosa Parks: Civil rights icon who sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her seat, demonstrating the power of individual action.
Significant Events
- Montgomery Bus Boycott: Widespread refusal by Black individuals to use the bus system, leading to financial collapse of the bus company and legal challenges against segregation.
- Martin Luther King Jr.: Baptist minister and key figure in nonviolent protests for civil rights, emphasizing the importance of peaceful activism.
Major Legislative Acts
- Civil Rights Act of 1964: Legislation that prohibited segregation in most public accommodations.
- Voting Rights Act of 1965: Empowered the attorney general to oversee voter registration in areas with low minority participation.
- Fair Housing Act of 1968: Banned discrimination in housing sales and rentals.
Affirmative Action
- Regents Case Ruling: Supreme Court decision that invalidated strict racial quotas but supported affirmative action that considers race as a beneficial factor.
Native American Rights
- Native American Citizenship (1924): Marked a shift from forced separation to assimilation, impacting cultural practices but eventually leading to heritage recovery.
Advocacy for Hispanic Rights
- United Farm Workers Union Strike: Led by Cesar Chavez, this movement garnered national attention for Hispanic rights and labor issues.
Disability Rights
- Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Extends civil rights protections to individuals with physical or mental disabilities, ensuring access to various public services and opportunities.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in social justice with these flashcards from Chapter 16. Explore the differences between equality of opportunity and equality of outcome, among other important definitions. This quiz will help reinforce your knowledge of the principles that underpin social policies and their implications.