Conception to Adulthood Developmental Theories

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Questions and Answers

What is the major focus of psychosocial Stage 2 according to Erik Erikson?

Developing a sense of industry

Forming meaningful relationships

Achieving emotional maturity

Gaining personal control and independence (correct)

What is an important task that caregivers should perform during Stage 2?

Encourage children to attempt new tasks on their own (correct)

Directly control all decisions for the child

Discourage exploration to maintain safety

Provide constant supervision without allowing autonomy

Which feeling is likely developed in children who do not successfully gain control over themselves during Stage 2?

Confidence and self-assuredness

Self-doubt and inadequacy (correct)

Joy and contentment

Ambivalence and confusion

What is the critical question children ask themselves during psychosocial Stage 2?

What should I do, should I ask for help? Signup and view all the answers

What emotional outcomes can arise from a positive experience in Stage 2?

A sense of security and confidence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Medical Model in developmental screening?

Signs and symptoms presented by the patient Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does the Ecobiodevelopmental Framework primarily emphasize?

The impact of social and physical environments on biology Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the Biopsychosocial Model?

It considers both social and community systems. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critique of the Medical Model presented in the content?

It overlooks the social and psychological aspects of a person. Signup and view all the answers

The Ecobiodevelopmental Framework integrates concepts from which of the following areas?

Social sciences and physical processes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can produce toxic levels of stress according to the content on development?

Environmental factors during early childhood Signup and view all the answers

How does the Biopsychosocial Model differ from the Medical Model?

It considers a wider range of social factors. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of childhood development, what role do toxic levels of stress play?

They negatively affect stress response systems. Signup and view all the answers

What role does overarousal or underarousal play in infants?

It maintains a state of quiet alertness. Signup and view all the answers

How do consistent contingent responses affect child development?

They create groundwork for shared attention and reciprocity. Signup and view all the answers

What can enhance secure attachment in a child?

Consistent attention from caregivers. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the variability of temperament is attributed to genetic differences?

20–60% Signup and view all the answers

In what way do contemporary models of child development perceive the influence of family members?

They recognize the critical importance of influences from outside the mother-child dyad. Signup and view all the answers

How does the resemblance in temperament between monozygotic twins compare to dizygotic twins?

Monozygotic twins are rated as more similar than dizygotic twins. Signup and view all the answers

What is stated about the role of fathers in child development?

Fathers play critical roles both directly and in supporting mothers. Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the variance in temperament outside of genetics?

Family dynamics and environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

What does developmental delay indicate about milestone attainment?

Milestones are attained in a delayed sequence. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes developmental deviance?

Uncustomary milestone attainment with development in a single stream. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key indicator that warrants assessment during developmental screening?

A child can recite the alphabet before speaking. Signup and view all the answers

What does developmental dissociation indicate?

Significantly different developmental skills across domains. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes developmental regression?

Loss of previously acquired developmental milestones. Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would developmental delay most likely be identified?

A child identifies flags but cannot speak. Signup and view all the answers

What developmental concern is illustrated by a child with cerebral palsy who can talk but cannot sit?

Developmental dissociation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a common characteristic of children with autism spectrum disorder in terms of development?

They exhibit developmental regression by losing previously acquired skills. Signup and view all the answers

What role do certain polymorphisms of specific genes play in the context of maternal stress?

They moderate the influence of maternal stress on infant temperament. Signup and view all the answers

How can maternal prenatal stress be particularly influential for children?

It is associated with increased frustration and fearfulness in children. Signup and view all the answers

What can exacerbate a child's adjustment to adversity according to the content?

Negative parental reactions. Signup and view all the answers

In families with rigidly defined parental subsystems, what consequence might children face?

They may face denial of decision-making opportunities. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of poorly defined parent-child boundaries?

Children may be required to act as parental figures. Signup and view all the answers

What does family systems theory suggest about the roles individuals adopt?

Individuals within systems adopt implicit roles. Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of temperament assist parents in understanding their children?

It helps parents accept their children's inherent characteristics without blame. Signup and view all the answers

What implication does birth order have on personality development according to the content?

Birth order has no lasting impact on personality development. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Models

Medical Model focuses on signs and symptoms for diagnosing and treating diseases, neglecting social and psychological aspects.
Biopsychosocial Model integrates societal and community systems, recognizing broader influences on an individual's health and development.
The Ecobiodevelopmental Framework considers how childhood ecology (social and physical environments) interacts with biological processes to affect outcomes and life trajectories.
Early stressors influence the body’s stress response, impacting brain development and gene expression.

Temperamental Characteristics

Temperament is seen as biologically inherited, with estimates showing genetic differences contribute 20–60% to variability among individuals.
Maternal prenatal stress has a noted impact on child temperament.
Caregiver stability and presence play crucial roles in moderating temperament and buffering adverse influences, particularly in homes with mental health challenges.

Family Dynamics and Influence

Families operate as systems, with defined roles that can affect children's decision-making and resilience.
Children may exhibit vulnerabilities based on poorly defined boundaries within the family structure.
The importance of nurturing caregivers is emphasized, as they provide essential emotional support.

Psychosocial Development (Erikson's Theory)

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months to 3 years) involves children seeking control; caregivers should promote independence to encourage self-confidence.
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 11 years) emphasizes mastering new skills and developing self-control; successful navigation results in a sense of competence.

Developmental Screening

Developmental Delay occurs when milestones are attained with significant delay across one or more streams (e.g., speech or motor skills).
Developmental Deviance is characterized by atypical milestone attainment, often seen in autism spectrum disorder cases.
Developmental Dissociation denotes significant disparities in achievement across different developmental domains.
Developmental Regression involves the loss of previously learned skills (e.g., language).

Red Flags in Developmental Screening

Instances of exceptional skill in one area before foundational skills (e.g., reciting the alphabet or identifying flags without basic speech) warrant further assessment.
Observational tools (like PPS) are utilized to track developmental milestones and identify areas requiring intervention.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts related to developmental screening and various theories of development from conception to adulthood. It is designed for students in the field of medicine and psychology, providing a comprehensive understanding of human development stages. Test your knowledge and solidify your grasp on these pivotal theories.