Developmental Theories Quiz: Chapters 1-15

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Questions and Answers

What does abstract thinking involve?

Simple reasoning

Only personal experiences

Thinking about concrete objects

Thinking about concepts and ideas not tied to concrete objects (correct)

How does attachment security in infancy relate to later emotional and social outcomes in childhood?

Attachment security in infancy has no impact on later emotional and social outcomes.

Attachment security in infancy is irrelevant to social outcomes.

Attachment security in infancy is associated with positive emotional regulation, social competence, and the ability to form healthy relationships in childhood. (correct)

Attachment security in infancy only affects physical health.

What role does reciprocity play in the development of early friendships?

Reciprocity is irrelevant to friendship development.

Reciprocity in early friendships is based on mutual benefit and becomes more sophisticated over time. (correct)

Reciprocity involves unequal exchange of favors.

Reciprocity refers to avoiding conflict in friendships.

How does the authoritative parenting style differ from authoritarian and permissive styles?

Authoritative parenting balances high expectations with responsiveness and support. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of emotional regulation in social and emotional development?

Emotional regulation involves managing and responding to emotions appropriately. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies the interaction between nature and nurture in human development? (Select all that apply)

A child developing motor skills through physical activity and exploration Signup and view all the answers

How does Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory explain the influence of societal changes on individual development?

By considering the interactions between multiple layers of environmental influences, including societal changes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is directly involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression?

DNA methylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the critical period in prenatal development?

It is the time when environmental factors can have the most profound effects on development. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of 'scaffolding' in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

A temporary structure that supports cognitive development by providing direct instruction Signup and view all the answers

Which concept in Piaget’s theory is most directly related to a child’s ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen?

Object permanence Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the concept of 'theory of mind' influence social interactions in early childhood?

By allowing children to attribute mental states, such as beliefs and desires, to others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates the concept of 'fast mapping' in language acquisition?

A child’s ability to learn the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice Signup and view all the answers

How does the development of self-regulation in early childhood impact later academic success?

It predicts better academic performance by enabling children to manage their emotions and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies the role of 'emotional coaching' by parents in early childhood?

Helping children label and understand their emotions Signup and view all the answers

In the context of middle childhood, how does the development of 'industry vs. inferiority' influence a child’s self-concept?

Success in tasks promotes a sense of competence, while failure may result in feelings of inferiority. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cognitive abilities is typically enhanced during middle childhood, enabling better academic performance?

Decentration Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'identity moratorium' differ from 'identity foreclosure' in adolescent development?

Identity moratorium involves active exploration of alternatives, while identity foreclosure involves commitment without exploration. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the increase in risk-taking behaviors during adolescence?

Peer influence and the underdevelopment of the prefrontal cortex lead to increased risk-taking. Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'emerging adulthood' differ from traditional views of adulthood?

It represents a prolonged period of exploration and self-discovery before full adult roles are assumed. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is most likely to contribute to the sense of instability often experienced during emerging adulthood?

Frequent changes in relationships, jobs, and living situations Signup and view all the answers

In early adulthood, how does the development of intimacy vs. isolation influence relationship formation?

Failure to develop intimacy can lead to social isolation and loneliness. Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'work-life balance' in early adulthood impact psychological well-being?

Achieving a balance between work and personal life is associated with better mental health and life satisfaction. Signup and view all the answers

How does 'generativity' manifest in middle adulthood, and what are its potential benefits?

Generativity is expressed through mentoring and contributing to the next generation, leading to a sense of purpose and fulfillment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cognitive abilities is most likely to decline during middle adulthood, and how can it be mitigated?

Fluid intelligence; it can be mitigated by engaging in mentally stimulating activities. Signup and view all the answers

In late adulthood, what role does 'ego integrity vs. despair' play in an individual's psychological well-being?

Successfully achieving ego integrity leads to feelings of satisfaction, while failure leads to despair and regret. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the 'socioemotional selectivity theory' in the context of aging?

As people age, they prioritize emotionally meaningful relationships and activities. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best characterizes the thinking of a child in the preoperational stage according to Piaget?

The child’s thinking is dominated by egocentrism and the inability to perform operations. Signup and view all the answers

How does 'anticipatory grief' differ from the grief experienced after a loss?

Anticipatory grief occurs before the loss and can help individuals begin the mourning process earlier. Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive ability, developed during the concrete operational stage, allows children to classify objects according to multiple criteria?

Classification Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key principle of palliative care?

Providing comprehensive care that addresses physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the most common challenges in diagnosing ADHD in children?

ADHD symptoms can overlap with those of other disorders, making diagnosis complex. Signup and view all the answers

How does 'resilience' influence an individual's ability to cope with life challenges across the lifespan?

Resilience helps individuals bounce back from adversity and adapt to difficult situations throughout their lives. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the prevalence of ADHD across different cultures?

Cultural differences in behavior expectations can influence the diagnosis and prevalence of ADHD. Signup and view all the answers

How does the treatment approach for ADHD typically differ between pharmacological and behavioral interventions?

Pharmacological treatments aim to manage symptoms through medication, while behavioral interventions focus on teaching coping strategies and modifying behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following physiological systems is directly involved in the 'rest and digest' response following a stressful event?

Parasympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cortisol during the stress response?

To increase blood glucose levels and provide energy for the body Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic stress impact the hippocampus, a brain region involved in memory?

Chronic stress can damage the hippocampus, leading to memory impairments. Signup and view all the answers

How does 'executive function' develop in early childhood, and what are its implications for later academic success?

Executive function involves self-regulation, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, which are crucial for academic success. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the impact of teratogens during the prenatal period?

The occurrence of birth defects due to exposure to harmful substances Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'zone of proximal development' (ZPD) relate to a child's learning process?

The ZPD encompasses tasks that a child can accomplish with guidance but not yet independently. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a defining feature of Piaget’s concrete operational stage?

The ability to perform operations on concrete objects and understand conservation Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with the regulation of mood and is often targeted in the treatment of depression?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'habituation' play in an infant's learning and development?

Habituation involves the decrease in response to a repeated stimulus, allowing the infant to focus on new information. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'social smile' observed in infants?

An intentional response to social stimuli, such as a caregiver's face or voice Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the 'secure base' provided by a caregiver in attachment theory?

To provide a sense of safety and security that allows the child to explore their environment Signup and view all the answers

In the context of emotional development, what is the significance of 'emotional regulation' in early childhood?

Effective emotional regulation in early childhood is linked to better social and academic outcomes later in life. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cognitive processes is most likely impaired in individuals with ADHD?

Executive function, including working memory and inhibitory control Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'selective attention' and its importance in cognitive development?

Selective attention is the process of filtering out irrelevant information to focus on a specific task. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes 'social referencing' in infancy?

Social referencing occurs when infants look to their caregivers for cues on how to respond to unfamiliar situations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following developmental milestones is typically achieved during the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s theory?

The development of object permanence Signup and view all the answers

In terms of brain development, what is 'myelination,' and why is it important?

Myelination is the formation of the myelin sheath around nerve fibers, which speeds up the transmission of neural signals. Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'emerging adulthood' challenge traditional views of adulthood?

Emerging adulthood is seen as a prolonged period of exploration and self-discovery before fully assuming adult roles. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'object permanence'?

A toddler searching for a toy that has been hidden under a blanket Signup and view all the answers

What role does the 'amygdala' play in the body’s stress response?

The amygdala triggers the fight or flight response by activating the HPA axis. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the fight or flight response?

The amygdala Signup and view all the answers

How does epigenetics influence gene expression?

Epigenetics involves external modifications to DNA that turn genes on or off without changing the DNA sequence. Signup and view all the answers

What does the zone of proximal development (ZPD) involve?

Tasks that a learner can accomplish with the help of a more knowledgeable other. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between attachment security in infancy and later social competence?

Secure attachment in infancy is associated with better social competence in later childhood and adolescence. Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive bias is most likely to influence an adolescent's decision-making during peer interactions?

Egocentric bias Signup and view all the answers

What is heteronomous morality?

Adherence to external rules and authority figures, common in early childhood. Signup and view all the answers

How does resilience affect an individual's ability to cope with adversity?

Resilience can be strengthened through supportive relationships, positive experiences, and adaptive coping strategies. Signup and view all the answers

What role do mirror neurons play in social cognition?

Activate when observing the actions of others, contributing to empathy. Signup and view all the answers

How does temperament in infancy predict later personality traits?

It's a strong predictor of later personality traits and behavior patterns. Signup and view all the answers

What describes cognitive dissonance?

Discomfort experienced when actions contradict beliefs, often leading to change. Signup and view all the answers

What is the central conflict during the identity vs. role confusion stage?

Exploring personal identity and integrating it into a cohesive self-concept. Signup and view all the answers

How does attachment theory explain adult relationships?

Secure early attachments lead to healthy adult relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of palliative care?

Relieving pain and improving quality of life. Signup and view all the answers

Which example best describes meta-cognition?

The ability to think about and regulate one's own thinking processes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of executive function in childhood development?

Skills critical for goal-directed behavior and academic success. Signup and view all the answers

How does socioemotional selectivity theory explain social relationships in late adulthood?

They prioritize emotionally meaningful relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What does generativity signify in middle adulthood?

Concern for guiding the next generation and sense of fulfillment. Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive ability is most likely to decline during late adulthood?

Fluid intelligence; mitigated by an active lifestyle. Signup and view all the answers

How does self-concept play a role in adolescence?

Dynamic and heavily influenced by peer relationships and social feedback. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation in cognitive development?

Assimilation involves integrating new information into existing schemas, while accommodation changes schemas. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?

Assimilation involves integrating new information into existing schemas, while accommodation involves changing existing schemas to fit new information. Signup and view all the answers

How does 'emotional intelligence' contribute to success in personal and professional life?

Emotional intelligence involves the ability to understand and manage emotions, which is crucial for effective communication, relationship-building, and leadership. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'cognitive reserve', and how does it relate to aging?

Cognitive reserve is the brain's ability to compensate for damage and maintain cognitive function, often influenced by factors like education and mental stimulation. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, what is the significance of 'language' in cognitive development?

Language is considered a critical tool for thought, mediating cognitive processes and facilitating learning through social interaction. Signup and view all the answers

How does 'theory of mind' development impact social interactions in early childhood?

Theory of mind refers to the ability to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, and desires different from one's own, which is crucial for successful social interactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'reciprocal determinism' in social learning theory?

Reciprocal determinism posits that behavior, personal factors, and the environment all interact to influence each other, shaping individual development. Signup and view all the answers

How does 'generational transmission' influence family dynamics and development?

Generational transmission involves the transfer of behaviors, beliefs, and values from one generation to the next, shaping family dynamics and individual development. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'dual-process model' of coping with bereavement?

The dual-process model suggests that individuals oscillate between focusing on their grief (loss-oriented activities) and moving forward with their lives (restoration-oriented activities). Signup and view all the answers

How does 'peer influence' shape identity development during adolescence?

Peer influence plays a significant role in shaping identity during adolescence, as individuals seek acceptance and validation from their peer group. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of 'cognitive-behavioral therapy' (CBT) in the treatment of psychological disorders?

CBT focuses on identifying and changing maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors to improve emotional regulation and coping strategies. Signup and view all the answers

How does 'self-efficacy' influence motivation and behavior according to Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Self-efficacy refers to the belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations, and higher self-efficacy is associated with greater motivation and persistence in the face of challenges. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'learned helplessness' in the context of psychological development?

Learned helplessness occurs when an individual perceives that they have no control over their environment, leading to a passive acceptance of adverse conditions. Signup and view all the answers

How does 'sociocultural context' influence cognitive development, according to Vygotsky's theory?

Sociocultural context plays a crucial role in cognitive development by shaping the tools, practices, and interactions that facilitate learning and thinking. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of lifespan development, what is the 'epigenetic principle,' and how does it relate to psychosocial development?

The epigenetic principle refers to the idea that development occurs in a predetermined sequence of stages, each building on the outcomes of the previous stage, as proposed by Erikson in his psychosocial theory. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of 'instrumental aggression,' and how does it differ from 'hostile aggression'?

Instrumental aggression is goal-oriented and used as a means to achieve a desired outcome, such as obtaining a toy, while hostile aggression is unprovoked and intended to cause harm. Signup and view all the answers

How does 'identity foreclosure' differ from 'identity moratorium' in the process of identity formation?

Identity foreclosure involves commitment to an identity without exploration, often based on parental or societal expectations, while identity moratorium involves active exploration without commitment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of 'abstract thinking,' and at what stage does it typically develop according to Piaget's theory?

Abstract thinking involves the ability to think about concepts and ideas that are not tied to concrete objects or experiences, typically developing in the formal operational stage. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about resilience is correct?

Resilience can be developed and enhanced at any age, helping individuals adapt to and overcome challenges. Signup and view all the answers

What role does neuroplasticity play in cognitive development and aging?

Neuroplasticity allows the brain to adapt to new experiences and recover from injuries, even in older age. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of scaffolding in cognitive development according to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

Scaffolding involves the gradual withdrawal of support as a child becomes more capable of independent learning. Signup and view all the answers

How does scaffolding differ from direct instruction in educational practices?

Scaffolding encourages discovery learning, while direct instruction focuses on imparting knowledge directly. Signup and view all the answers

In what way does scaffolding contribute to the development of a child's 'Zone of Proximal Development' (ZPD)?

Scaffolding expands the ZPD by enabling the learner to perform tasks beyond their independent capabilities. Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of prenatal development does the zygote implant itself into the uterine wall?

Germinal stage Signup and view all the answers

What critical process occurs during the zygote stage that determines the genetic makeup of the individual?

Fertilization, where the genetic material from the sperm and egg combine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary concern during the zygote stage of development?

Exposure to teratogens, which can disrupt early cell division Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best distinguishes Piaget’s preoperational stage from the concrete operational stage?

Children in the preoperational stage exhibit egocentrism, while those in the concrete operational stage can understand others' perspectives. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tasks would a child in the concrete operational stage be able to perform, but a child in the preoperational stage would struggle with?

Understanding that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape (conservation) Signup and view all the answers

How does the ability to perform 'reversibility' distinguish children in the concrete operational stage from those in the preoperational stage?

Reversibility is the ability to mentally reverse an operation, which is a cognitive skill developed during the concrete operational stage. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is most closely associated with an increased incidence of ADHD in children?

Exposure to environmental toxins such as lead Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the current understanding of the gender differences in the diagnosis of ADHD?

Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, possibly due to differences in symptom expression. Signup and view all the answers

How has the incidence of ADHD diagnosis changed over recent decades, and what are some contributing factors?

The incidence has increased, possibly due to greater awareness, changes in diagnostic criteria, and environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for initiating the body's 'fight or flight' response during stress?

Cortisol Signup and view all the answers

How does the parasympathetic nervous system help the body recover from stress?

By promoting relaxation and returning the body to a state of homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the stress response?

It triggers the release of stress hormones like cortisol, initiating the body's response to stress. Signup and view all the answers

In a classroom setting, how might a teacher apply scaffolding to support a student's learning?

By adjusting the level of support based on the student's current understanding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of scaffolding in the context of cognitive development?

To enable the learner to perform tasks independently Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of 'fading' in the scaffolding process?

Gradually reducing the amount of guidance as the learner becomes more proficient Signup and view all the answers

During the germinal stage, what critical event occurs that determines the zygote’s survival and development?

The implantation of the zygote into the uterine wall Signup and view all the answers

Which process during the zygote stage is essential for ensuring genetic diversity in offspring?

Fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the blastocyst during the early development of the zygote?

To facilitate implantation in the uterine wall and begin differentiation into specialized cells Signup and view all the answers

How does a child's ability to understand 'conservation' reflect a shift from preoperational to concrete operational thinking?

Understanding conservation indicates the ability to think logically about physical properties, which emerges in the concrete operational stage. Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is most likely to result in children who are obedient but less socially competent?

Authoritarian Signup and view all the answers

A child who has learned that a round object is a 'ball' and later learns to call a football a 'ball' has demonstrated:

Assimilation Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social learning theory, what is the role of self-efficacy?

A belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations Signup and view all the answers

The concept of 'habituation' is primarily used to study which aspect of infant development?

Sensory processing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill that typically develops during early childhood?

Using scissors to cut paper Signup and view all the answers

A child in the sensorimotor stage who believes that an object ceases to exist when it is out of sight is lacking:

Object permanence Signup and view all the answers

The concept of 'zone of proximal development' (ZPD) is best associated with which type of instructional strategy?

Scaffolding Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson’s stages of development, which virtue is associated with successful resolution of the 'integrity vs. despair' crisis?

Wisdom Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary criticism of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?

It lacks empirical support and is based on untestable ideas Signup and view all the answers

According to research, which of the following is most likely to lead to secure attachment in infants?

Consistent and responsive caregiving Signup and view all the answers

In terms of moral development, a child who believes it is wrong to steal because they will be punished is in which stage of Kohlberg’s theory?

Pre-conventional Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cognitive abilities is most likely to decline first with aging?

Short-term memory Signup and view all the answers

In the Strange Situation experiment, which behavior is most indicative of a secure attachment?

Showing distress when the caregiver leaves and being comforted upon return Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a critical period for language acquisition in humans?

Early childhood Signup and view all the answers

A child who understands that the amount of liquid remains the same when poured into a different shaped container is demonstrating which of Piaget’s concepts?

Conservation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a major milestone in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

Understanding object permanence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

The influence of culture and social interaction on cognitive development Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true according to Piaget's theory?

The order of stages is fixed, but the rate of progression can vary Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what is the developmental task of middle adulthood?

Contributing to society and the next generation Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the ability of infants to focus their attention on a novel stimulus after repeated exposure?

Habituation Signup and view all the answers

The phenomenon where a child understands that others can hold false beliefs is an important milestone in developing:

Theory of Mind Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following developmental milestones is typically achieved during the formal operational stage?

Abstract reasoning Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior?

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

According to Bronfenbrenner, which system represents the broader cultural and societal context that influences development?

Macrosystem Signup and view all the answers

A child who develops a sense of trust in infancy is likely to have caregivers who are:

Authoritative and responsive Signup and view all the answers

The use of 'self-talk' to guide behavior is an example of which of Vygotsky's concepts?

Private speech Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Piaget’s preoperational stage?

Logical thought Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by a child being extremely distressed when separated from the caregiver and ambivalent upon reunion?

Resistant (Ambivalent) Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohlberg, which of the following is characteristic of post-conventional morality?

Adhering to universal ethical principles Signup and view all the answers

Which type of play is most characteristic of children in the preoperational stage?

Role play Signup and view all the answers

In the context of early childhood development, the term 'centration' refers to:

Focusing on a single aspect of a situation while ignoring others. Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what is the major developmental challenge during young adulthood?

Intimacy vs. Isolation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'goodness of fit' concept?

The match between a child's temperament and the demands of the environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following developmental stages did Freud describe as involving the Oedipus complex?

Phallic stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

The development of logical thinking and problem-solving skills Signup and view all the answers

In Ainsworth’s attachment theory, which of the following is most indicative of a secure attachment?

Seeking comfort from the caregiver when distressed Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohlberg, at which stage do children begin to understand and apply social rules and laws?

Conventional Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors would most likely be observed in a child with an avoidant attachment style?

Ignoring or avoiding the caregiver after separation Signup and view all the answers

What does Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development suggest about learning?

Learning occurs best when tasks are slightly beyond the learner’s current abilities, with help from a more knowledgeable other Signup and view all the answers

During which of Erikson's stages is the virtue of 'fidelity' developed?

Identity vs. Role Confusion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a child in Piaget’s concrete operational stage?

The child can perform logical operations but only with concrete objects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory?

Gradually reducing assistance as the child becomes more competent Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowlby, the most important factor in forming a secure attachment in infancy is:

Consistent and responsive caregiving Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Piaget's formal operational stage?

Abstract and hypothetical thinking Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of 'egocentrism' in Piaget’s preoperational stage?

A child believes that everyone sees the world the same way they do Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson’s stages, the primary task during adolescence is to:

Develop a sense of identity Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, which of the following is a key characteristic of the sensorimotor stage?

Acquisition of object permanence Signup and view all the answers

In the context of child development, 'temperament' refers to:

An individual’s inborn style of reacting to the world. Signup and view all the answers

In Selman’s terms, these two children show different levels of _ but similar levels of _.

Competence/Performance Signup and view all the answers

Bowlby’s attachment theory suggests that a primary outcome of the formation of attachments in infancy is:

A working model of self, of others, and of relationships Signup and view all the answers

Participation in extracurricular activities for at least a year was associated with high rates of graduation and low rates of criminal activity if the student’s:

Peer group also participated in the extracurricular activity Signup and view all the answers

The idea that children’s development is affected by biological factors and that these are also influenced by the environment and experience is part of:

Multidimensional system theories Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a significant role in:

The human response to stress Signup and view all the answers

For counselors who work with families that include children of different ages, which of the following statements is true?

Parents need to be flexible as children get older and adjust their rules and expectations to developmentally changing competence and needs Signup and view all the answers

Given what you have learned about social development, what is your best recommendation for the counselor?

Jeremy probably doesn’t have a good understanding of another person’s intentions at this age. Signup and view all the answers

Negative affectivity refers to:

The extent to which a person experiences nervousness, fear, anger, sadness, contempt, and guilt Signup and view all the answers

The internalization of rules and standards of behavior is most closely associated with the development of:

Conscience Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, language is one product of shared understanding among members of a social group and may be considered a ____ that facilitates learning and thinking.

Tool or sign Signup and view all the answers

Children like Fred, who was rarely selected by classmates as someone to play with but also rarely refused, seem to be:

Choosing not to participate very actively in peer activities Signup and view all the answers

In Ainsworth et al.'s study of attachment formation, when mothers were less responsive and showed rejecting behavior, the children tended to fit which category of attachment?

Avoidant Signup and view all the answers

Using Erikson’s developmental theory, which statement represents his ideas accurately?

Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends on having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern Signup and view all the answers

Research using habituation has explored infants’ perceptual abilities. The habituation paradigm takes advantage of:

Baby’s tendency to orient to new stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of discipline did Sasha’s father use when he screamed and threatened her?

Power assertion Signup and view all the answers

Piaget’s description of preoperational thought versus concrete operational thought includes which of the following?

Preoperational thought is centered but concrete operational is decentered Signup and view all the answers

If mother and baby are cooing and smiling, the typical infant will first engage in _ and then in _.

Other-directed coping behaviors/self-directed coping behaviors Signup and view all the answers

The epigenome controls the expression of:

Hereditary material Signup and view all the answers

In Bronfenbrenner’s model, proximal processes refer to:

Reciprocal interactions between an organism and its immediate environment Signup and view all the answers

Negative reinforcement is best described as:

When some unpleasant stimulus is avoided or removed, strengthening the behavior that allows escape from the unpleasantness Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of "reciprocal determinism"?

Behavior, environment, and cognition all influence each other Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson's theory, which stage is characterized by the challenge of developing a sense of competence in school-aged children?

Industry vs. Inferiority Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, which cognitive process is characteristic of the concrete operational stage?

Reversibility Signup and view all the answers

Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development emphasizes the importance of:

Social interaction and guidance Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowlby’s attachment theory, a securely attached child is most likely to:

Use the parent as a secure base to explore the environment Signup and view all the answers

At the conventional level, morality is based on:

Following social rules and laws Signup and view all the answers

The "strange situation" test is used to assess:

Attachment styles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a critical period in development?

Forming an attachment bond during the first two years of life Signup and view all the answers

Which system includes interactions between the microsystem and the exosystem in Bronfenbrenner's theory?

Mesosystem Signup and view all the answers

When a child learns a new behavior by observing others, this is best explained by:

Observational learning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the concept of "scaffolding" in Vygotsky's theory?

Gradual withdrawal of support as the learner gains competence Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the reality principle is:

Ego Signup and view all the answers

The concept of "habituation" in developmental psychology refers to:

A decrease in response after repeated exposure to a stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true according to the theory of multiple intelligences?

Intelligence is composed of several distinct types Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson's stage of "Generativity vs. Stagnation," what is the primary concern of individuals?

Contributing to the next generation Signup and view all the answers

A child who understands that a quantity of liquid remains the same when poured from one container to another is demonstrating:

Conservation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of "goodness of fit" in developmental psychology?

The match between a child's temperament and the parenting style used Signup and view all the answers

The term "authoritative parenting" is characterized by:

High warmth and high control Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common critique of Piaget’s theory?

It underestimates children’s cognitive abilities at younger ages Signup and view all the answers

According to research on moral development, children in the "post-conventional" stage are likely to:

Make decisions based on universal ethical principles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the preoperational stage according to Piaget?

Egocentric thinking Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task in adolescence?

Identity vs. Role Confusion Signup and view all the answers

In attachment theory, a child who is indifferent to the departure and return of the caregiver in the Strange Situation is likely displaying:

Insecure-avoidant attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior?

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic motivator for learning?

A student reads a book because they find it enjoyable Signup and view all the answers

In Vygotsky’s theory, what is the function of private speech in children?

To regulate their own behavior Signup and view all the answers

A child’s ability to understand that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives different from their own is known as:

Theory of Mind Signup and view all the answers

According to Bandura, which of the following is most likely to influence a child’s behavior?

Observational learning from models Signup and view all the answers

A developmental milestone in which a child first shows fear of strangers typically occurs at what age?

6-9 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms is associated with Piaget’s theory and refers to the modification of existing cognitive structures in response to new information?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates Kohlberg's stage of "conventional morality"?

A teenager follows rules because they believe it is their duty to society Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is most likely to result in children who are socially competent and self-reliant?

Authoritative parenting Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Theories Overview

Interaction of Nature and Nurture: Development is influenced by both genetic predispositions (nature) and environmental experiences (nurture), exemplified by children developing motor skills through physical activity.
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory: This theory posits that individual development is shaped by the interactions across various environmental systems, including societal influences.

Biological Beginnings

Epigenetic Regulation: DNA methylation is a crucial mechanism that impacts gene expression without modifying the DNA sequence.
Critical Period in Prenatal Development: Refers to a specific time when environmental factors profoundly affect development, highlighting their importance for organ and system formation.

Infancy and Early Childhood

Vygotsky’s Scaffolding Concept: Describes structured support that guides cognitive development through direct instruction, which decreases as a child gains competence.
Object Permanence (Piaget): This developmental milestone signifies that children understand objects continue to exist even when not visible.

Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Theory of Mind: This ability enables children to comprehend that others have thoughts and desires separate from their own, enhancing social interactions.
Fast Mapping in Language Acquisition: Children can learn new words quickly after minimal exposure, demonstrating advanced cognitive processing.

Self-Regulation's Academic Impact: Children capable of managing emotions and behaviors tend to perform better academically.
Emotional Coaching: Involves parents helping children to identify and understand their emotions, aiding in emotional resilience.

Middle Childhood

Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson): Successful completion of tasks fosters competence, while failure may lead to feelings of inferiority, impacting self-concept.
Decentration in Cognitive Abilities: This ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation enhances logical reasoning, improving academic performance.

Adolescence

Identity Moratorium vs. Foreclosure: Identity moratorium involves exploring different possibilities without commitment, while foreclosure is commitment without exploration.
Risk-Taking Behaviors: Enhanced by peer influence and the developing limbic system, which influences emotions and reward-seeking before the prefrontal cortex matures.

Emerging Adulthood

Prolonged Exploration: Characterized by a period where individuals actively search for personal and professional identities before assuming traditional adult roles.
Instability in Emerging Adulthood: Frequent changes in relationships and living situations contribute to the feeling of instability during this life stage.

Early Adulthood

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson): Successfully developing intimate relationships is essential; failure can result in feelings of isolation.
Work-Life Balance: A balanced approach between professional and personal life correlates with better mental health and overall life satisfaction.

Middle Adulthood

Generativity: A focus on mentoring and contributing to the next generation provides purpose and fulfillment during this stage.
Fluid Intelligence Decline: Problem-solving abilities may decline, but engaging in mentally stimulating activities can mitigate this effect.

Late Adulthood

Ego Integrity vs. Despair: A successful reflection on one’s life leads to satisfaction, while failure can bring about feelings of despair.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory: Older adults prioritize emotionally meaningful relationships as they age, focusing on quality rather than quantity in social interactions.

Death and Dying

Anticipatory Grief: Occurs before a loss, enabling individuals to begin their mourning process earlier, potentially easing post-loss grief.
Palliative Care Principles: Focus on improving the overall quality of life by addressing physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs.

Cross-Cutting Concepts

Resilience: Can be developed at any stage, aiding individuals in coping with life challenges through adaptation and recovery strategies.
Neuroplasticity: The brain’s ability to reorganize and adapt continues throughout life, supporting learning and recovery from injuries, even in older adults.

Additional Concept: Scaffolding

Role in Cognitive Development: Gradual reduction of support from adults aids children in achieving independent learning, promoting cognitive growth.### Scaffolding in Learning
Scaffolding is a temporary support that aids a learner until they can perform tasks independently.
It involves the gradual withdrawal of assistance as a child gains competence, emphasizing the learner's progress.
Differentiates from direct instruction by promoting discovery learning rather than simply imparting knowledge.
Scaffolding enhances a child's "Zone of Proximal Development" (ZPD), allowing them to tackle more challenging tasks with support.

Zygote Development

The zygote implants itself into the uterine wall during the germinal stage, which lasts from conception to about two weeks.
Fertilization combines genetic material from both parents, laying the foundation for genetic diversity.
During the zygote stage, exposure to teratogens poses significant risks, leading to potential developmental issues.

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages

The preoperational stage is marked by egocentrism, where children struggle to understand perspectives different from their own.
In contrast, the concrete operational stage allows children to grasp conservation, recognizing that quantity remains unchanged despite shape alterations.
Reversibility, the ability to mentally reverse operations, is a cognitive skill evident in concrete operational thinkers.

ADHD Incidence and Understanding

Exposure to environmental toxins, such as lead, is closely linked to a higher incidence of ADHD in children.
Boys are diagnosed more frequently than girls, potentially due to different symptom expressions.
ADHD diagnoses have increased, attributed to greater awareness, changes in criteria, and environmental influences.

Body's Response to Stress

Cortisol is crucial for initiating the body's fight or flight response during stress.
The parasympathetic nervous system aids recovery from stress by promoting relaxation and homeostasis.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a central role in releasing stress hormones, including cortisol.

Practical Application of Scaffolding

Effective scaffolding requires teachers to adjust support levels based on students' understanding, aiding in independent performance.
The goal is to empower learners to accomplish tasks independently, fostering self-reliance in their cognitive development.
"Fading" in scaffolding involves the gradual reduction of guidance as learners improve, encouraging greater ownership of tasks.

Zygote Stage Key Events

Implantation into the uterine wall is critical for continued zygote development during the germinal stage.
Fertilization assures genetic diversity, essential for the development of unique offspring.
The blastocyst facilitates implantation and initiates differentiation into specialized cells, paving the way for further development.

Piaget on Conservation and Classification

Understanding conservation signifies a transition to logical thinking seen in the concrete operational stage.
Children in the preoperational stage are characterized by egocentrism and a limited ability to perform operations.
Classification, emerging in the concrete operational stage, allows children to organize objects based on various criteria, enhancing cognitive complexity.

Challenges in Diagnosing ADHD

ADHD symptoms often overlap with other disorders, complicating the diagnostic process.
Cultural behavior expectations influence ADHD diagnosis and prevalence, leading to variability across different cultures.
Treatment approaches for ADHD differ, where pharmacological interventions manage symptoms and behavioral strategies focus on teaching coping mechanisms and behavior modification.### Pharmacological and Behavioral Treatments for ADHD
Stimulant medications are used to manage ADHD symptoms effectively.
Behavioral interventions focus on developing coping skills and promoting positive behaviors.

Stress Responses and Physiological Systems

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "rest and digest" response following stress, aiding in recovery and relaxation.
Cortisol increases blood glucose levels to provide energy during stress, preparing the body for a fight or flight response.
Chronic stress can damage the hippocampus, leading to memory impairments due to prolonged exposure to cortisol.

Executive Function and Academic Success

Executive function develops in early childhood, involving self-regulation, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, which are crucial for academic achievement.

Teratogens and Prenatal Development

Teratogens are harmful environmental agents causing birth defects if exposure occurs during prenatal development.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

ZPD represents tasks children can perform with guidance, emphasizing the potential for learning with support from knowledgeable individuals.

Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage

Children in this stage can perform operations on concrete objects and understand conservation.

Role of Neurotransmitters and Mood Regulation

Serotonin is associated with mood regulation and is commonly targeted in depression treatments.

Importance of Habituation in Infant Learning

Habituation occurs when infants decrease their response to repeated stimuli, allowing them to focus on new information.

The social smile is an intentional response from infants to social stimuli, indicating growing social engagement.

Secure Base in Attachment Theory

Provides a sense of safety, allowing children to explore their environment confidently.

Significance of Emotional Regulation

Effective emotional regulation in early childhood is linked to better social and academic outcomes later in life.

Cognitive Processes Impaired in ADHD

Individuals with ADHD often struggle with executive function, including working memory and inhibitory control.

Selective Attention in Cognitive Development

Selective attention is the ability to filter out irrelevant information, important for focused learning.

Social referencing involves infants looking to caregivers for cues on how to respond in unfamiliar situations.

Developmental Milestones in Sensorimotor Stage

The understanding of object permanence develops during the sensorimotor stage.

Myelination in Brain Development

Myelination is the formation of the myelin sheath around nerve fibers, crucial for speeding up neural signal transmission.

Emerging Adulthood

Recognized as a distinct developmental period characterized by exploration and self-discovery before taking on stable adult roles.

Relationships and Object Permanence

Object permanence is exemplified by toddlers searching for hidden toys, indicating an understanding of object existence when out of sight.

Amygdala in Stress Response

The amygdala triggers the fight or flight response through activation of the HPA axis.

Epigenetics and Gene Expression

Epigenetics involves external modifications that turn genes on or off without changing the DNA sequence, affecting gene expression.

ZPD and Instructional Practices

Effective instructional practices should focus on tasks a learner can achieve with assistance (ZPD).

Secure attachment in infancy correlates with better social competence in later childhood and adolescence.

Cognitive Biases in Adolescents

Egocentric bias influences adolescent decision-making, making them believe their thoughts and experiences are unique.

Heteronomous Morality in Early Childhood

Heteronomous morality, characterized by adherence to rules and authority, is typical in early childhood.

Resilience in Coping with Adversity

Resilience can be strengthened through supportive relationships, positive experiences, and adaptive coping strategies.

Mirror neurons activate when observing others' actions, aiding in empathizing by simulating those actions internally.

Sam has poor perspective-taking skills and struggles to interact effectively, indicating a difference in competence/performance in social interactions.
A securely attached child uses their parent as a secure base to explore their environment, demonstrating healthy attachment behaviors.

Attachment Theory

Bowlby's attachment theory posits that attachment formation leads to developing a working model of self and relationships.
Ainsworth's Strange Situation categorized less-responsive mothers as leading to avoidant attachment in their children.

Extracurricular Activities and Developmental Outcomes

Participation in extracurricular activities is associated with higher graduation rates and lower criminal activity, particularly if peers are also involved.