Questions and Answers
What does abstract thinking involve?
How does attachment security in infancy relate to later emotional and social outcomes in childhood?
What role does reciprocity play in the development of early friendships?
How does the authoritative parenting style differ from authoritarian and permissive styles?
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Which of the following best describes the role of emotional regulation in social and emotional development?
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Which of the following best exemplifies the interaction between nature and nurture in human development? (Select all that apply)
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How does Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory explain the influence of societal changes on individual development?
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Which of the following processes is directly involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression?
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What is the significance of the critical period in prenatal development?
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Which of the following best describes the role of 'scaffolding' in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
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Which concept in Piaget’s theory is most directly related to a child’s ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen?
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In what way does the concept of 'theory of mind' influence social interactions in early childhood?
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Which of the following illustrates the concept of 'fast mapping' in language acquisition?
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How does the development of self-regulation in early childhood impact later academic success?
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Which of the following best exemplifies the role of 'emotional coaching' by parents in early childhood?
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In the context of middle childhood, how does the development of 'industry vs. inferiority' influence a child’s self-concept?
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Which of the following cognitive abilities is typically enhanced during middle childhood, enabling better academic performance?
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How does the concept of 'identity moratorium' differ from 'identity foreclosure' in adolescent development?
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Which of the following best explains the increase in risk-taking behaviors during adolescence?
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How does the concept of 'emerging adulthood' differ from traditional views of adulthood?
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Which of the following factors is most likely to contribute to the sense of instability often experienced during emerging adulthood?
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In early adulthood, how does the development of intimacy vs. isolation influence relationship formation?
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How does the concept of 'work-life balance' in early adulthood impact psychological well-being?
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How does 'generativity' manifest in middle adulthood, and what are its potential benefits?
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Which of the following cognitive abilities is most likely to decline during middle adulthood, and how can it be mitigated?
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In late adulthood, what role does 'ego integrity vs. despair' play in an individual's psychological well-being?
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Which of the following best explains the 'socioemotional selectivity theory' in the context of aging?
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Which of the following statements best characterizes the thinking of a child in the preoperational stage according to Piaget?
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How does 'anticipatory grief' differ from the grief experienced after a loss?
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Which cognitive ability, developed during the concrete operational stage, allows children to classify objects according to multiple criteria?
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Which of the following is a key principle of palliative care?
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What is one of the most common challenges in diagnosing ADHD in children?
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How does 'resilience' influence an individual's ability to cope with life challenges across the lifespan?
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Which of the following statements accurately reflects the prevalence of ADHD across different cultures?
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How does the treatment approach for ADHD typically differ between pharmacological and behavioral interventions?
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Which of the following physiological systems is directly involved in the 'rest and digest' response following a stressful event?
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What is the primary function of cortisol during the stress response?
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How does chronic stress impact the hippocampus, a brain region involved in memory?
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How does 'executive function' develop in early childhood, and what are its implications for later academic success?
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Which of the following best illustrates the impact of teratogens during the prenatal period?
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How does the 'zone of proximal development' (ZPD) relate to a child's learning process?
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Which of the following is a defining feature of Piaget’s concrete operational stage?
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Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with the regulation of mood and is often targeted in the treatment of depression?
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What role does 'habituation' play in an infant's learning and development?
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Which of the following best describes the 'social smile' observed in infants?
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What is the primary function of the 'secure base' provided by a caregiver in attachment theory?
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In the context of emotional development, what is the significance of 'emotional regulation' in early childhood?
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Which of the following cognitive processes is most likely impaired in individuals with ADHD?
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Which of the following best describes 'selective attention' and its importance in cognitive development?
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Which of the following statements best describes 'social referencing' in infancy?
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Which of the following developmental milestones is typically achieved during the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s theory?
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In terms of brain development, what is 'myelination,' and why is it important?
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How does the concept of 'emerging adulthood' challenge traditional views of adulthood?
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Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'object permanence'?
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What role does the 'amygdala' play in the body’s stress response?
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What triggers the fight or flight response?
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How does epigenetics influence gene expression?
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What does the zone of proximal development (ZPD) involve?
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Which statement best describes the relationship between attachment security in infancy and later social competence?
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Which cognitive bias is most likely to influence an adolescent's decision-making during peer interactions?
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What is heteronomous morality?
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How does resilience affect an individual's ability to cope with adversity?
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What role do mirror neurons play in social cognition?
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How does temperament in infancy predict later personality traits?
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What describes cognitive dissonance?
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What is the central conflict during the identity vs. role confusion stage?
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How does attachment theory explain adult relationships?
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What is the primary focus of palliative care?
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Which example best describes meta-cognition?
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What is the role of executive function in childhood development?
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How does socioemotional selectivity theory explain social relationships in late adulthood?
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What does generativity signify in middle adulthood?
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Which cognitive ability is most likely to decline during late adulthood?
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How does self-concept play a role in adolescence?
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What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation in cognitive development?
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What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?
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How does 'emotional intelligence' contribute to success in personal and professional life?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of 'cognitive reserve', and how does it relate to aging?
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In the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, what is the significance of 'language' in cognitive development?
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How does 'theory of mind' development impact social interactions in early childhood?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of 'reciprocal determinism' in social learning theory?
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How does 'generational transmission' influence family dynamics and development?
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Which of the following best describes the 'dual-process model' of coping with bereavement?
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How does 'peer influence' shape identity development during adolescence?
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What is the primary goal of 'cognitive-behavioral therapy' (CBT) in the treatment of psychological disorders?
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How does 'self-efficacy' influence motivation and behavior according to Bandura's social cognitive theory?
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Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'learned helplessness' in the context of psychological development?
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How does 'sociocultural context' influence cognitive development, according to Vygotsky's theory?
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In the context of lifespan development, what is the 'epigenetic principle,' and how does it relate to psychosocial development?
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Which of the following is an example of 'instrumental aggression,' and how does it differ from 'hostile aggression'?
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How does 'identity foreclosure' differ from 'identity moratorium' in the process of identity formation?
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Which of the following is an example of 'abstract thinking,' and at what stage does it typically develop according to Piaget's theory?
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Which of these statements about resilience is correct?
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What role does neuroplasticity play in cognitive development and aging?
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Which of the following best describes the role of scaffolding in cognitive development according to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
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How does scaffolding differ from direct instruction in educational practices?
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In what way does scaffolding contribute to the development of a child's 'Zone of Proximal Development' (ZPD)?
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During which stage of prenatal development does the zygote implant itself into the uterine wall?
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What critical process occurs during the zygote stage that determines the genetic makeup of the individual?
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Which of the following is a primary concern during the zygote stage of development?
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Which of the following best distinguishes Piaget’s preoperational stage from the concrete operational stage?
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Which of the following tasks would a child in the concrete operational stage be able to perform, but a child in the preoperational stage would struggle with?
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How does the ability to perform 'reversibility' distinguish children in the concrete operational stage from those in the preoperational stage?
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Which of the following factors is most closely associated with an increased incidence of ADHD in children?
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Which statement best reflects the current understanding of the gender differences in the diagnosis of ADHD?
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How has the incidence of ADHD diagnosis changed over recent decades, and what are some contributing factors?
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Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for initiating the body's 'fight or flight' response during stress?
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How does the parasympathetic nervous system help the body recover from stress?
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Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the stress response?
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In a classroom setting, how might a teacher apply scaffolding to support a student's learning?
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What is the primary goal of scaffolding in the context of cognitive development?
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Which of the following is an example of 'fading' in the scaffolding process?
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During the germinal stage, what critical event occurs that determines the zygote’s survival and development?
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Which process during the zygote stage is essential for ensuring genetic diversity in offspring?
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What is the primary function of the blastocyst during the early development of the zygote?
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How does a child's ability to understand 'conservation' reflect a shift from preoperational to concrete operational thinking?
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Which parenting style is most likely to result in children who are obedient but less socially competent?
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A child who has learned that a round object is a 'ball' and later learns to call a football a 'ball' has demonstrated:
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In the context of social learning theory, what is the role of self-efficacy?
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The concept of 'habituation' is primarily used to study which aspect of infant development?
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Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill that typically develops during early childhood?
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A child in the sensorimotor stage who believes that an object ceases to exist when it is out of sight is lacking:
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The concept of 'zone of proximal development' (ZPD) is best associated with which type of instructional strategy?
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In Erikson’s stages of development, which virtue is associated with successful resolution of the 'integrity vs. despair' crisis?
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Which of the following is a primary criticism of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
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According to research, which of the following is most likely to lead to secure attachment in infants?
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In terms of moral development, a child who believes it is wrong to steal because they will be punished is in which stage of Kohlberg’s theory?
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Which of the following cognitive abilities is most likely to decline first with aging?
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In the Strange Situation experiment, which behavior is most indicative of a secure attachment?
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Which of the following is considered a critical period for language acquisition in humans?
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A child who understands that the amount of liquid remains the same when poured into a different shaped container is demonstrating which of Piaget’s concepts?
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Which of the following describes a major milestone in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
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What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
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Which of the following statements is true according to Piaget's theory?
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According to Erikson, what is the developmental task of middle adulthood?
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Which term best describes the ability of infants to focus their attention on a novel stimulus after repeated exposure?
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The phenomenon where a child understands that others can hold false beliefs is an important milestone in developing:
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Which of the following developmental milestones is typically achieved during the formal operational stage?
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Which type of reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior?
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According to Bronfenbrenner, which system represents the broader cultural and societal context that influences development?
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A child who develops a sense of trust in infancy is likely to have caregivers who are:
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The use of 'self-talk' to guide behavior is an example of which of Vygotsky's concepts?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Piaget’s preoperational stage?
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Which attachment style is characterized by a child being extremely distressed when separated from the caregiver and ambivalent upon reunion?
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According to Kohlberg, which of the following is characteristic of post-conventional morality?
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Which type of play is most characteristic of children in the preoperational stage?
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In the context of early childhood development, the term 'centration' refers to:
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According to Erikson, what is the major developmental challenge during young adulthood?
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Which of the following best describes the 'goodness of fit' concept?
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Which of the following developmental stages did Freud describe as involving the Oedipus complex?
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What is the primary focus of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
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In Ainsworth’s attachment theory, which of the following is most indicative of a secure attachment?
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According to Kohlberg, at which stage do children begin to understand and apply social rules and laws?
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Which of the following behaviors would most likely be observed in a child with an avoidant attachment style?
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What does Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development suggest about learning?
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During which of Erikson's stages is the virtue of 'fidelity' developed?
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Which of the following best describes a child in Piaget’s concrete operational stage?
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Which of the following is an example of scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory?
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According to Bowlby, the most important factor in forming a secure attachment in infancy is:
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What is the main focus of Piaget's formal operational stage?
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Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of 'egocentrism' in Piaget’s preoperational stage?
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In Erikson’s stages, the primary task during adolescence is to:
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According to Piaget, which of the following is a key characteristic of the sensorimotor stage?
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In the context of child development, 'temperament' refers to:
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In Selman’s terms, these two children show different levels of _____ but similar levels of _____.
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Bowlby’s attachment theory suggests that a primary outcome of the formation of attachments in infancy is:
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Participation in extracurricular activities for at least a year was associated with high rates of graduation and low rates of criminal activity if the student’s:
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The idea that children’s development is affected by biological factors and that these are also influenced by the environment and experience is part of:
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The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a significant role in:
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For counselors who work with families that include children of different ages, which of the following statements is true?
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Given what you have learned about social development, what is your best recommendation for the counselor?
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Negative affectivity refers to:
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The internalization of rules and standards of behavior is most closely associated with the development of:
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According to Vygotsky, language is one product of shared understanding among members of a social group and may be considered a ____ that facilitates learning and thinking.
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Children like Fred, who was rarely selected by classmates as someone to play with but also rarely refused, seem to be:
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In Ainsworth et al.'s study of attachment formation, when mothers were less responsive and showed rejecting behavior, the children tended to fit which category of attachment?
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Using Erikson’s developmental theory, which statement represents his ideas accurately?
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Research using habituation has explored infants’ perceptual abilities. The habituation paradigm takes advantage of:
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Which type of discipline did Sasha’s father use when he screamed and threatened her?
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Piaget’s description of preoperational thought versus concrete operational thought includes which of the following?
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If mother and baby are cooing and smiling, the typical infant will first engage in _____ and then in _____.
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The epigenome controls the expression of:
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In Bronfenbrenner’s model, proximal processes refer to:
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Negative reinforcement is best described as:
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Which statement best describes the concept of "reciprocal determinism"?
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In Erikson's theory, which stage is characterized by the challenge of developing a sense of competence in school-aged children?
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According to Piaget, which cognitive process is characteristic of the concrete operational stage?
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Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development emphasizes the importance of:
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According to Bowlby’s attachment theory, a securely attached child is most likely to:
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At the conventional level, morality is based on:
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The "strange situation" test is used to assess:
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Which of the following is an example of a critical period in development?
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Which system includes interactions between the microsystem and the exosystem in Bronfenbrenner's theory?
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When a child learns a new behavior by observing others, this is best explained by:
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Which of the following best explains the concept of "scaffolding" in Vygotsky's theory?
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According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the reality principle is:
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The concept of "habituation" in developmental psychology refers to:
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Which of the following statements is true according to the theory of multiple intelligences?
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In Erikson's stage of "Generativity vs. Stagnation," what is the primary concern of individuals?
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A child who understands that a quantity of liquid remains the same when poured from one container to another is demonstrating:
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Which of the following best illustrates the concept of "goodness of fit" in developmental psychology?
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The term "authoritative parenting" is characterized by:
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Which of the following is a common critique of Piaget’s theory?
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According to research on moral development, children in the "post-conventional" stage are likely to:
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the preoperational stage according to Piaget?
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According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task in adolescence?
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In attachment theory, a child who is indifferent to the departure and return of the caregiver in the Strange Situation is likely displaying:
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Which theory emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior?
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Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic motivator for learning?
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In Vygotsky’s theory, what is the function of private speech in children?
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A child’s ability to understand that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives different from their own is known as:
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According to Bandura, which of the following is most likely to influence a child’s behavior?
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A developmental milestone in which a child first shows fear of strangers typically occurs at what age?
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Which of the following terms is associated with Piaget’s theory and refers to the modification of existing cognitive structures in response to new information?
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Which of the following best illustrates Kohlberg's stage of "conventional morality"?
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Which parenting style is most likely to result in children who are socially competent and self-reliant?
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Study Notes
Developmental Theories Overview
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Interaction of Nature and Nurture: Development is influenced by both genetic predispositions (nature) and environmental experiences (nurture), exemplified by children developing motor skills through physical activity.
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Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory: This theory posits that individual development is shaped by the interactions across various environmental systems, including societal influences.
Biological Beginnings
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Epigenetic Regulation: DNA methylation is a crucial mechanism that impacts gene expression without modifying the DNA sequence.
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Critical Period in Prenatal Development: Refers to a specific time when environmental factors profoundly affect development, highlighting their importance for organ and system formation.
Infancy and Early Childhood
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Vygotsky’s Scaffolding Concept: Describes structured support that guides cognitive development through direct instruction, which decreases as a child gains competence.
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Object Permanence (Piaget): This developmental milestone signifies that children understand objects continue to exist even when not visible.
Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Theory of Mind: This ability enables children to comprehend that others have thoughts and desires separate from their own, enhancing social interactions.
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Fast Mapping in Language Acquisition: Children can learn new words quickly after minimal exposure, demonstrating advanced cognitive processing.
Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
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Self-Regulation's Academic Impact: Children capable of managing emotions and behaviors tend to perform better academically.
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Emotional Coaching: Involves parents helping children to identify and understand their emotions, aiding in emotional resilience.
Middle Childhood
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Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson): Successful completion of tasks fosters competence, while failure may lead to feelings of inferiority, impacting self-concept.
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Decentration in Cognitive Abilities: This ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation enhances logical reasoning, improving academic performance.
Adolescence
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Identity Moratorium vs. Foreclosure: Identity moratorium involves exploring different possibilities without commitment, while foreclosure is commitment without exploration.
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Risk-Taking Behaviors: Enhanced by peer influence and the developing limbic system, which influences emotions and reward-seeking before the prefrontal cortex matures.
Emerging Adulthood
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Prolonged Exploration: Characterized by a period where individuals actively search for personal and professional identities before assuming traditional adult roles.
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Instability in Emerging Adulthood: Frequent changes in relationships and living situations contribute to the feeling of instability during this life stage.
Early Adulthood
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Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson): Successfully developing intimate relationships is essential; failure can result in feelings of isolation.
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Work-Life Balance: A balanced approach between professional and personal life correlates with better mental health and overall life satisfaction.
Middle Adulthood
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Generativity: A focus on mentoring and contributing to the next generation provides purpose and fulfillment during this stage.
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Fluid Intelligence Decline: Problem-solving abilities may decline, but engaging in mentally stimulating activities can mitigate this effect.
Late Adulthood
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Ego Integrity vs. Despair: A successful reflection on one’s life leads to satisfaction, while failure can bring about feelings of despair.
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Socioemotional Selectivity Theory: Older adults prioritize emotionally meaningful relationships as they age, focusing on quality rather than quantity in social interactions.
Death and Dying
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Anticipatory Grief: Occurs before a loss, enabling individuals to begin their mourning process earlier, potentially easing post-loss grief.
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Palliative Care Principles: Focus on improving the overall quality of life by addressing physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs.
Cross-Cutting Concepts
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Resilience: Can be developed at any stage, aiding individuals in coping with life challenges through adaptation and recovery strategies.
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Neuroplasticity: The brain’s ability to reorganize and adapt continues throughout life, supporting learning and recovery from injuries, even in older adults.
Additional Concept: Scaffolding
- Role in Cognitive Development: Gradual reduction of support from adults aids children in achieving independent learning, promoting cognitive growth.### Scaffolding in Learning
- Scaffolding is a temporary support that aids a learner until they can perform tasks independently.
- It involves the gradual withdrawal of assistance as a child gains competence, emphasizing the learner's progress.
- Differentiates from direct instruction by promoting discovery learning rather than simply imparting knowledge.
- Scaffolding enhances a child's "Zone of Proximal Development" (ZPD), allowing them to tackle more challenging tasks with support.
Zygote Development
- The zygote implants itself into the uterine wall during the germinal stage, which lasts from conception to about two weeks.
- Fertilization combines genetic material from both parents, laying the foundation for genetic diversity.
- During the zygote stage, exposure to teratogens poses significant risks, leading to potential developmental issues.
Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages
- The preoperational stage is marked by egocentrism, where children struggle to understand perspectives different from their own.
- In contrast, the concrete operational stage allows children to grasp conservation, recognizing that quantity remains unchanged despite shape alterations.
- Reversibility, the ability to mentally reverse operations, is a cognitive skill evident in concrete operational thinkers.
ADHD Incidence and Understanding
- Exposure to environmental toxins, such as lead, is closely linked to a higher incidence of ADHD in children.
- Boys are diagnosed more frequently than girls, potentially due to different symptom expressions.
- ADHD diagnoses have increased, attributed to greater awareness, changes in criteria, and environmental influences.
Body's Response to Stress
- Cortisol is crucial for initiating the body's fight or flight response during stress.
- The parasympathetic nervous system aids recovery from stress by promoting relaxation and homeostasis.
- The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a central role in releasing stress hormones, including cortisol.
Practical Application of Scaffolding
- Effective scaffolding requires teachers to adjust support levels based on students' understanding, aiding in independent performance.
- The goal is to empower learners to accomplish tasks independently, fostering self-reliance in their cognitive development.
- "Fading" in scaffolding involves the gradual reduction of guidance as learners improve, encouraging greater ownership of tasks.
Zygote Stage Key Events
- Implantation into the uterine wall is critical for continued zygote development during the germinal stage.
- Fertilization assures genetic diversity, essential for the development of unique offspring.
- The blastocyst facilitates implantation and initiates differentiation into specialized cells, paving the way for further development.
Piaget on Conservation and Classification
- Understanding conservation signifies a transition to logical thinking seen in the concrete operational stage.
- Children in the preoperational stage are characterized by egocentrism and a limited ability to perform operations.
- Classification, emerging in the concrete operational stage, allows children to organize objects based on various criteria, enhancing cognitive complexity.
Challenges in Diagnosing ADHD
- ADHD symptoms often overlap with other disorders, complicating the diagnostic process.
- Cultural behavior expectations influence ADHD diagnosis and prevalence, leading to variability across different cultures.
- Treatment approaches for ADHD differ, where pharmacological interventions manage symptoms and behavioral strategies focus on teaching coping mechanisms and behavior modification.### Pharmacological and Behavioral Treatments for ADHD
- Stimulant medications are used to manage ADHD symptoms effectively.
- Behavioral interventions focus on developing coping skills and promoting positive behaviors.
Stress Responses and Physiological Systems
- The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "rest and digest" response following stress, aiding in recovery and relaxation.
- Cortisol increases blood glucose levels to provide energy during stress, preparing the body for a fight or flight response.
- Chronic stress can damage the hippocampus, leading to memory impairments due to prolonged exposure to cortisol.
Executive Function and Academic Success
- Executive function develops in early childhood, involving self-regulation, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, which are crucial for academic achievement.
Teratogens and Prenatal Development
- Teratogens are harmful environmental agents causing birth defects if exposure occurs during prenatal development.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
- ZPD represents tasks children can perform with guidance, emphasizing the potential for learning with support from knowledgeable individuals.
Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage
- Children in this stage can perform operations on concrete objects and understand conservation.
Role of Neurotransmitters and Mood Regulation
- Serotonin is associated with mood regulation and is commonly targeted in depression treatments.
Importance of Habituation in Infant Learning
- Habituation occurs when infants decrease their response to repeated stimuli, allowing them to focus on new information.
Social Smile in Infants
- The social smile is an intentional response from infants to social stimuli, indicating growing social engagement.
Secure Base in Attachment Theory
- Provides a sense of safety, allowing children to explore their environment confidently.
Significance of Emotional Regulation
- Effective emotional regulation in early childhood is linked to better social and academic outcomes later in life.
Cognitive Processes Impaired in ADHD
- Individuals with ADHD often struggle with executive function, including working memory and inhibitory control.
Selective Attention in Cognitive Development
- Selective attention is the ability to filter out irrelevant information, important for focused learning.
Social Referencing in Infants
- Social referencing involves infants looking to caregivers for cues on how to respond in unfamiliar situations.
Developmental Milestones in Sensorimotor Stage
- The understanding of object permanence develops during the sensorimotor stage.
Myelination in Brain Development
- Myelination is the formation of the myelin sheath around nerve fibers, crucial for speeding up neural signal transmission.
Emerging Adulthood
- Recognized as a distinct developmental period characterized by exploration and self-discovery before taking on stable adult roles.
Relationships and Object Permanence
- Object permanence is exemplified by toddlers searching for hidden toys, indicating an understanding of object existence when out of sight.
Amygdala in Stress Response
- The amygdala triggers the fight or flight response through activation of the HPA axis.
Epigenetics and Gene Expression
- Epigenetics involves external modifications that turn genes on or off without changing the DNA sequence, affecting gene expression.
ZPD and Instructional Practices
- Effective instructional practices should focus on tasks a learner can achieve with assistance (ZPD).
Attachment Security and Social Competence
- Secure attachment in infancy correlates with better social competence in later childhood and adolescence.
Cognitive Biases in Adolescents
- Egocentric bias influences adolescent decision-making, making them believe their thoughts and experiences are unique.
Heteronomous Morality in Early Childhood
- Heteronomous morality, characterized by adherence to rules and authority, is typical in early childhood.
Resilience in Coping with Adversity
- Resilience can be strengthened through supportive relationships, positive experiences, and adaptive coping strategies.
Role of Mirror Neurons in Social Cognition
- Mirror neurons activate when observing others' actions, aiding in empathizing by simulating those actions internally.
Social Skills and Development
- Sam has poor perspective-taking skills and struggles to interact effectively, indicating a difference in competence/performance in social interactions.
- A securely attached child uses their parent as a secure base to explore their environment, demonstrating healthy attachment behaviors.
Attachment Theory
- Bowlby's attachment theory posits that attachment formation leads to developing a working model of self and relationships.
- Ainsworth's Strange Situation categorized less-responsive mothers as leading to avoidant attachment in their children.
Extracurricular Activities and Developmental Outcomes
- Participation in extracurricular activities is associated with higher graduation rates and lower criminal activity, particularly if peers are also involved.
Developmental Theories
- Multidimensional system theories encompass both biological and environmental factors influencing development.
- Erikson's stages highlight that the successful resolution of crises depends on the balance of positive and negative experiences.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget distinguishes between preoperational thought and concrete operations, emphasizing that preoperational thought is egocentric and centered, while concrete operational thought allows for more logical reasoning and decentration.
Moral Development
- Kohlberg's theory indicates that at the conventional level, morality is based on adherence to social rules and laws.
- Children in the post-conventional stage make decisions informed by universal ethical principles.
Parenting Styles
- Authoritative parenting, characterized by high warmth and high control, is associated with children who are socially competent and self-reliant.
Learning and Motivation
- Observational learning explains how children learn new behaviors by mimicking others, without direct reinforcement.
- Private speech in children serves as a self-regulation tool to manage behavior.
Emotional Development
- Negative affectivity refers to experiencing negative emotions, including nervousness and sadness.
- Coping mechanisms shift from seeking others to self-directed methods as infants manage caregiver responses.
Cognitive Processes
- The concept of "habituation" involves a decrease in response due to repeated exposure, serving as a key aspect of perceptual abilities in infants.
- Understanding that quantities remain constant despite changes in shape is indicative of conservation skills.
Relationship Frameworks
- Bronfenbrenner’s model defines proximal processes as reciprocal interactions between an individual and their immediate environment, essential for development.
- The "goodness of fit" concept emphasizes aligning parenting styles with a child's temperament for optimal development.
Critical Developmental Concepts
- The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) underscores the importance of social interaction and guidance in learning processes.
- Scaffolding involves gradually withdrawing support as learner competence increases.
Additional Key Concepts
- The epigenome influences gene expression through environmental interactions.
- The ego, according to Freud, operates according to the reality principle, balancing desires and social expectations.
Fine Motor Skills
- An example of a fine motor skill developed in early childhood is using scissors to cut paper, which reflects developing dexterity.
Cognitive Structure Modification
- Accommodation refers to modifying existing cognitive structures to incorporate new information, crucial for cognitive development.### Child Development Theories and Concepts
- Strict discipline and structure in caregiving can hinder responsive caregiving, which is crucial for moral and emotional development.
- In Kohlberg's theory, children in the pre-conventional stage see stealing as wrong because it leads to punishment.
- Aging impacts cognitive abilities, with short-term memory being one of the first to decline.
Attachment Styles
- Secure attachment in children is evidenced by distress upon caregiver separation and comfort upon reunion.
- The critical period for language acquisition occurs during early childhood, where the foundation for language skills is developed.
- Piaget's concept of conservation shows a child's understanding that quantity remains unchanged despite alterations in shape or container.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
- Key milestone in the sensorimotor stage is the understanding of object permanence.
- The shift from practical reasoning in earlier stages to abstract reasoning occurs in the formal operational stage.
- Children in the preoperational stage exhibit centration, focusing on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others.
Sociocultural Development
- Vygotsky emphasizes the influence of culture and social interaction on cognitive development, contrasting with theories focused on innate abilities.
- Self-talk, termed private speech, is a tool used by children to self-regulate behavior.
- "Goodness of fit" describes the alignment between a child's temperament and environmental demands, influencing developmental outcomes.
Erikson's Developmental Tasks
- In middle adulthood, individuals face the challenge of contributing to society and the next generation, according to Erikson.
- During young adulthood, the critical conflict is intimacy vs. isolation, shaping personal connections and relationships.
Behavior and Reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement increases behaviors by removing unpleasant stimuli, contributing to behavioral learning principles.
- Play in the preoperational stage often involves role play, fostering imagination and social skills.
Moral Development Stages
- Post-conventional morality is characterized by adherence to universal ethical principles rather than merely following social rules.
- Understanding that others can hold false beliefs represents a milestone in developing a theory of mind.
Other Key Concepts
- Scaffolding in Vygotsky's theory refers to gradually reducing assistance as the child develops competence.
- The concept of egocentrism is prevalent in Piaget’s preoperational stage, where a child believes others share their viewpoint.
- Bowlby highlights the necessity of consistent and responsive caregiving for establishing secure attachments in infancy.
Summary of Developmental Characteristics
- Piaget's concrete operational stage allows children to perform logical operations with concrete objects, while abstract thinking is reserved for later stages.
- Temperament is defined as an individual's innate style of reacting to the world, impacting emotional responses and interactions.
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Test your knowledge with this quiz covering Chapters 1 to 15 of Advanced Developmental Theories. Explore the interplay of nature and nurture in human development, and assess your understanding of key concepts. Perfect for students or enthusiasts of developmental psychology.