Psychology: Developmental Theories

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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which children become motivated to exhibit gender-typed behavior?

According to gender schema theory, children begin to exhibit gender-typed behavior when they can label other people's and their own gender, usually by about 3 years of age.

What is the term for the realization that one's gender remains the same despite superficial changes in appearance or behavior?

Gender constancy

What is the term for the process by which individuals conform to the norms of their ingroup?

Ingroup assimilation

What is the term for the biological process that affects brain differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty, potentially influencing gender development?

Organizing influences Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which children actively perceive the world and act according to their expectations and beliefs during development?

Self-socialization Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the tendency to evaluate one's ingroup more positively than or as superior to the outgroup?

Ingroup bias Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of intersectionality, and how does it relate to social identities and discrimination?

Intersectionality is the interconnection of social identities such as gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class, especially about overlapping experiences of discrimination and disadvantage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of social cognitive theory in knowledge acquisition, and how does it relate to social interactions and media influences?

Social cognitive theory suggests that an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences. Signup and view all the answers

How does habituation differ from classical conditioning, and what are the implications for learning?

Habituation refers to the psychological process where an individual's response to a repeated stimulus decreases over time, whereas classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus becoming associated with a reflexive response through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between instrumental conditioning and rational learning, and how do they relate to decision-making and outcomes?

Instrumental conditioning involves learning through consequences, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on their outcomes or consequences, whereas rational learning involves using cognitive processes to make decisions based on logic, reasoning, and prior knowledge to achieve desired outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is social learning, and how does it relate to imitation, social referencing, and social scaffolding?

Social learning is the process by which individuals acquire knowledge, skills, and values through observing and interacting with others in their social environment, and involves processes such as imitation, social referencing, and social scaffolding. Signup and view all the answers

What role do parents, caregivers, and peers play in shaping children's values and standards through social learning?

Parents, caregivers, and peers contribute to shaping children's values and standards through internalization of values and standards, social learning, and peer influence. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Psychology Concepts

Self-socialization: An active process where children's cognitions lead them to perceive the world and act according to their expectations and beliefs.

Hormonal Influences on Development

Organizing influences: Certain sex-linked hormones affect brain differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty.
Activating influences: Fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels affect the contemporaneous activation of the nervous system and corresponding behavioral responses.

Gender Development

Gender schema theory: Children's motivation to enact gender-typed behavior begins when they can label others' and their own gender (around 3 years old).
Gender identity: Self-identifying as a boy, girl, or possibly as both or neither.
Gender stability: Awareness that gender remains the same over time.
Gender constancy: Realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in appearance or behavior.

Ingroup bias: Evaluating individuals and characteristics of the ingroup more positively than or superior to those of the outgroup.
Ingroup assimilation: Process where individuals are socialized to conform to the group's norms, demonstrating the characteristics that define the ingroup.
Intersectionality: Interconnection of social identities (e.g., gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, class) and overlapping experiences of discrimination and disadvantage.

Opportunity structure: Economic and social resources offered by the macro system, and people's understanding of those resources.
Friend: A person with whom an individual has an intimate, reciprocated, positive relationship.
Social cognitive theory: An individual's knowledge acquisition is directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences.

Learning Theories

Habituation: Decrease in response to a repeated stimulus over time.
Classical conditioning: Associating a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus.
Generalization: Eliciting a conditioned response with stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
Instrumental conditioning (operant conditioning): Learning through consequences, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on their outcomes or consequences.
Statistical learning: Detecting patterns and regularities in the environment through exposure to statistical information.
Rational learning: Making decisions based on logic, reasoning, and prior knowledge to achieve desired outcomes.
Social learning: Acquiring knowledge, skills, and values through observing and interacting with others in their social environment.
Imitation: Copying or replicating behaviors observed in others.
Social referencing: Looking to others for guidance or cues on how to respond in unfamiliar or ambiguous situations.
Social scaffolding: Providing support and guidance to a learner, gradually transferring responsibility until they can perform the task independently.
Internalization of values and standards: Children internalize their parents' and caregivers' values and standards, guiding their behavior and decision-making.
Peer influence: Peers, teachers, and other adults contribute to shaping children's values and standards through social learning.

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Description

Test your knowledge of psychology concepts related to human development, including self-socialization, organizing influences, and activating influences. Learn how these concepts shape our understanding of human behavior and cognition.