COMSAE Flashcards: Medical Terms Review

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Questions and Answers

What drug is used for ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease?

Sulfasalazine

What are the pulmonary effects of cystic fibrosis?

Chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis

Osteoporosis primarily affects which parts of the bone?

Trabecular bone mass

What type of medication is Imipramine?

TCA Signup and view all the answers

What does 'viscerosomatic' refer to?

Visceral disease leading to somatic findings Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Loratidine and Ranitidine?

Loratidine is a 2nd generation H1 blocker; Ranitidine is an H2 receptor antagonist. Signup and view all the answers

Which parasite is associated with RBCs inside cells?

Entamoeba histolytica Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pneumothorax causes tracheal deviation to the contralateral side?

Tension pneumothorax Signup and view all the answers

What is AVM?

Arteriovenous malformation Signup and view all the answers

What type of tumor is a cavernous hemangioma?

Benign tumor of the liver, associated with VHL Signup and view all the answers

Anti-HepB surface antibody is only present in what population?

Recovered or immunized individuals Signup and view all the answers

What does proctalgia fugax refer to?

Levator ani syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Is a fasciculus lesion classified as an UMN or LMN lesion?

Lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion Signup and view all the answers

What is Meckel's diverticulum?

Ectopic gastric tissue Signup and view all the answers

What antibodies attack the thyroid in Hashimoto's disease?

Thyroid peroxidase or antithyroglobulin antibodies Signup and view all the answers

The two factors that influence the Starling curve are and .

Preload (EDV), stroke volume or cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for fibromyalgia?

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), SNRIs, anticonvulsants Signup and view all the answers

What medication blocks norepinephrine reuptake?

TCA or SNRIs Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible complication of Paget's bone disease?

Osteosarcoma Signup and view all the answers

What does hematocrit tell you?

The ratio of volume of red blood cells compared to total blood volume Signup and view all the answers

What is probenecid's effect on uric acid?

Inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in the proximal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

What are two causes of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?

ADA deficiency, hypoplastic thymus Signup and view all the answers

What is lithium's effect on urination?

Inhibits vasopressin/ADH, increasing urinary frequency Signup and view all the answers

Which infertility drug can result in multiple fetuses?

Clomiphene Signup and view all the answers

What are AFP levels in Down syndrome?

Low Signup and view all the answers

What gastrointestinal malformation is associated with Down syndrome?

Hirschsprung's disease Signup and view all the answers

What are common associations with myasthenia gravis?

Thymoma, thymic hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for tinea?

Azoles Signup and view all the answers

Are beta blockers safe to use for asthma?

No, even beta-1 selective can be nonselective at higher doses Signup and view all the answers

What teratogenic effects are associated with ACE inhibitors and ARBs?

Fetal renal agenesis Signup and view all the answers

What mnemonic corresponds to high calcium or PTH?

Stones, bones, groans, moans, psych overtones Signup and view all the answers

Where is parathyroid hormone (PTH) produced?

Chief cells of the parathyroid gland Signup and view all the answers

Where does PTH inhibit reabsorption of phosphate?

Proximal tubule Signup and view all the answers

What does anterior innominate rotation indicate about muscle tightness?

Tight hip extensors (hamstrings) Signup and view all the answers

What is described by 'E SaRa' in cranial osteopathy?

Thoracic somatic dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of cellulitis?

Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes Signup and view all the answers

Is FPR direct or indirect? Is it active or passive?

Indirect, passive Signup and view all the answers

What do you give a child who cannot be treated with tetracycline?

Amoxicillin Signup and view all the answers

Which hepatitis types currently have vaccines?

Hepatitis A and B Signup and view all the answers

Why does Hepatitis D require Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis D utilizes the Hepatitis B surface antigen as its envelope. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common hepatitis associated with intravenous drug abuse in the US?

Hepatitis C Signup and view all the answers

What does roseola present as?

4-day high fever followed by trunk rash Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark symptom of erythema infectiosum?

Slapped cheek rash Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common sexually transmitted disease?

Chlamydia Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogens are described by the term 'dimorphic'?

Candida, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, sporotrichosis Signup and view all the answers

Restricted hip internal rotation indicates what diagnosis?

Innominate outflare Signup and view all the answers

What indicates immune complex presence in glomerular mesangium two days after URI?

Berger's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the viscerosomatic innervation for kidneys and ureters?

T10-T11 Signup and view all the answers

What is the first symptom in a college student with nonspecific signs?

Nonproductive cough and sore throat Signup and view all the answers

What is the test for Trichomonas?

Nucleic acid amplification Signup and view all the answers

What signifies a painless enlarging tumor in the left testis of a 75-year-old?

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma Signup and view all the answers

What age group is predominantly affected by choriocarcinoma?

15-35 years Signup and view all the answers

What population is most affected by yolk sac tumors?

Infants and children aged 1-2 years Signup and view all the answers

What type of tumor presents with symptoms of sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, and facial paralysis?

Cerebellopontine angle tumor Signup and view all the answers

What sleep changes occur in depressed patients?

Decreased slow-wave sleep and increased REM sleep Signup and view all the answers

What mediates cachexia?

TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for orotic aciduria?

Uridine Signup and view all the answers

What are the short-acting benzodiazepines?

Alprazolam, Triazolam, Oxazepam, Midazolam Signup and view all the answers

What are the medium-acting benzodiazepines?

Lorazepam, Estazolam, Temazepam Signup and view all the answers

What are the long-acting benzodiazepines?

Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'climacteric period' refer to?

Menopause Signup and view all the answers

What occlusion leads to compartment syndrome?

Microvasculature (small arteries) Signup and view all the answers

What is the antibody associated with Grave's disease?

Anti-TSH receptor antibody Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Addison's disease?

Primary adrenal insufficiency due to adrenal atrophy or destruction Signup and view all the answers

What is HP-L?

Human placental lactogen Signup and view all the answers

What does a hit in front or back of the head indicate?

SBS compression Signup and view all the answers

What does a hit under the chin on the same side indicate?

Torsion Signup and view all the answers

What does a blow to the side of the head indicate?

Torsion strain Signup and view all the answers

What does a hit on the same side of the head indicate?

Lateral strain Signup and view all the answers

What does a hit on the forehead at the top of the head indicate?

Superior strain Signup and view all the answers

What does a hit at the occiput indicate?

Inferior strain Signup and view all the answers

What senses touch, pain, and temperature from the ipsilateral face?

Spinal trigeminal nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What are Ritodrine and Terbutaline?

Beta-2 agonists that relax the uterus Signup and view all the answers

What does Ergonovine do?

Facilitates delivery of the placenta and prevents post-partum bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is Metoclopramide used for?

Anti-emetic Signup and view all the answers

What does Pyocyanin pigment indicate?

Blue pigment from Pseudomonas Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of a cerebellopontine angle condition?

Sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, paralysis of facial muscles Signup and view all the answers

What does hyperresonance indicate?

Pneumothorax Signup and view all the answers

What do large Q-waves indicate?

Old myocardial infarcts Signup and view all the answers

What does Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positivity indicate?

Hairy cell leukemia Signup and view all the answers

What does low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (ALP) suggest?

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are cytosolic steroid receptors?

VET CAP (Vitamin D, Estrogen, Testosterone, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone) Signup and view all the answers

What are nuclear steroid receptors known for?

Regulating thyroid hormones T3 and T4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main treatment for tetanus?

Tetanus antitoxin and tetanus toxoid series Signup and view all the answers

What is Balantidium coli?

Protozoa found in pigs Signup and view all the answers

What is Sumatriptan used for?

As a migraine treatment (5-HT 1B/1D agonist) Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Penicillin Signup and view all the answers

What asthma drugs can cause tremors?

Albuterol and Theophylline Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for Theophylline?

Inhibits phosphodiesterase, decreasing cAMP Signup and view all the answers

What is a xenograft?

A graft from a different species Signup and view all the answers

What is a syngeneic graft?

A graft from an identical twin Signup and view all the answers

What does Cyclophosphamide do?

Alkylates DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the inferior vesical artery's function?

Supplies blood to the fundus of the bladder Signup and view all the answers

What does the corticobulbar tract of the internal capsule contain?

Upper motor neurons of cranial nerves Signup and view all the answers

What does inhaled anthrax show on a chest X-ray?

Mediastinal widening Signup and view all the answers

What pH indicates bacterial vaginosis?

Greater than 4.5 Signup and view all the answers

Who is susceptible to asbestos?

Insulation installers Signup and view all the answers

What is a junctional rhythm?

Pacemaker activity from the AV node Signup and view all the answers

What do ova in stool indicate?

Possible parasitic infections such as giardiasis, amebiasis, strongyloidosis, or taeniasis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sulfasalazine: Medication for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
Chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis are pulmonary effects associated with cystic fibrosis (CF).
Osteoporosis primarily affects trabecular (spongy) bone mass.

Pharmacology

Imipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) known for side effects like convulsions, coma, and cardiotoxicity. Anticholinergic effects may cause confusion in the elderly.
Loratidine: A second-generation H1 blocker that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, resulting in reduced sedation.
Ranitidine: An H2 receptor antagonist used to decrease stomach acid.
Probenecid: Inhibits uric acid reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule and can precipitate uric acid kidney stones.
Clomiphene: Infertility drug increasing ovulation; may lead to multiple fetuses.
Tetra cyclines: Not suitable for children; alternate treatment - Amoxicillin.

Diagnoses and Medical Conditions

Ectopic gastric tissue appears in Meckel's diverticulum, a remnant of the vitelline duct.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis: Autoimmune condition where antibodies target thyroid peroxidase or antithyroglobulin, leading to a non-tender enlarged thyroid.
Sickle Cell Disease complications: Most common cause of cellulitis is staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus pyogenes.

Immunology

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID): Caused by adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency and hypoplastic thymus.
Myasthenia gravis: Associated with thymoma, presenting symptoms include ptosis, diplopia, and difficulty in chewing.

Endocrinology

PTH (Parathyroid hormone) is produced by chief cells in the parathyroid gland; it influences calcium and phosphate metabolism.
Grave's disease antibodies: Detectable as anti-TSH receptor antibodies.
Addison's disease: Primary adrenal insufficiency due to adrenal destruction.

Reproductive Health

Human placental lactogen (hPL): Increases insulin resistance during pregnancy; stimulates lipolysis and proteolysis.
Ergonovine: Used to facilitate placenta delivery and prevent postpartum bleeding.

Bacterial and Viral Infections

Pseudomonas: Produces blue pigment called pyocyanin.
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are the leading causes of cellulitis.
Trichomonas detection: Utilize nucleic acid amplification tests.

Neurology

Cerebellopontine angle tumors can cause sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, facial muscle paralysis, and loss of the corneal reflex.
Spinal trigeminal nucleus: Responsible for sensation (touch, pain, temperature) from the ipsilateral face.
Tension pneumothorax causes tracheal deviation towards the opposite side.

Cardiology

Large Q waves indicate a history of old myocardial infarctions.
Cortical brain infarction may present with loss of all sensations barring proprioception on the affected side.

Miscellaneous

Cachexia: Mediated by cytokines TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-6.
Renal viscerosomatic innervation corresponds with T10-11.
Inhaled anthrax: Characterized by mediastinal widening on chest X-ray.
SBS compression occurs due to blunt force trauma to the front or back of the head.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering essential medical terms related to drugs, conditions, and their effects. Ideal for students preparing for the COMSAE exam, this quiz focuses on critical concepts in pharmacology and pathology. Challenge yourself to recall definitions and implications of various medical terms and conditions.