Computer Organization - Basic Principles and Architecture

Computer Organization Course Objectives

• The primary objective of the course is to understand the design and organization of computer systems.

Unit I - Basic Computer Organization and Design

• Covers the basic components of a computer system, including registers, buses, and input/output (I/O) devices.

Register Transfer Language and Micro Operations

• Register Transfer Language (RTL) is a notation system used to describe the flow of data between registers and other components in a computer system.
• Micro Operations refer to the basic operations performed by a computer, such as data transfer, arithmetic, and logical operations.

Instruction Codes, Timing, and Control

• Instruction codes refer to the binary codes that represent instructions in a computer's instruction set architecture.
• Timing and control refer to the management of clock signals and control signals that synchronize the operation of a computer.

Input-Output Organization

• The I/O Processor is responsible for managing input/output operations between devices and the central processing unit (CPU).

Memory Technology

• Semiconductor memory technology is used in computer systems, which includes random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM).

Control Unit

• The primary function of the Control Unit is to retrieve and execute instructions from memory.

Pipeline Hazards

• Pipeline hazards refer to the problems that arise when a processor's pipeline is interrupted or stalled, causing a slow-down in processing.

Cache Memory

• A mapping function is used in cache memory to determine the location of data, which enables fast access to frequently used data.

Interleaving in Memory Hierarchy

• Interleaving refers to the technique of dividing memory into multiple banks, allowing for faster access to data.

Addressing Modes

• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) organization uses various addressing modes, including immediate, register, and memory addressing modes.

I/O Transfers

• Input-Output Organization involves different types of I/O transfers, including programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA).

Pipeline Hazards in Pipelining and Vector Processing

• Pipeline hazards occur when a processor's pipeline is interrupted or stalled, causing a slow-down in processing.

Match Logic in Memory Organization

• The Match logic is used in memory organization to determine whether a requested memory address is in the cache or main memory.

Basic Functional Units of Computers

• The basic functional units of computers are the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Registers, and Control Unit, which perform arithmetic, logical, and control functions.

Register Transfer Language (RTL)

• RTL is a notation system used to describe the flow of data between registers and other components in a computer system.

Micro Operations

• Micro operations are the basic operations performed by a computer, including data transfer, arithmetic, and logical operations.

Instruction Cycle

• The instruction cycle consists of fetch, decode, execute, and store phases, which are essential for computer organization.

Error Detection and Correction Codes

• Error detection and correction codes are used to ensure data integrity in computer systems by detecting and correcting errors that occur during data transmission or storage.