Computer Architecture Overview
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What is the main function of the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) in the CPU?

  • Performs arithmetic operations and logical comparisons (correct)
  • Decodes instructions and manages storage areas
  • Stores program instructions and data
  • Coordinates input and output devices

    • Which component of the CPU is primarily responsible for decoding instructions?

  • Control unit (correct)
  • Memory
  • Registers
  • Arithmetic/logic unit

    • What does the term 'opcode' refer to in instruction decoding?

  • The time required to execute an instruction
  • The address of the memory to store the data
  • The speed of the CPU processing
  • The specific operation the CPU will perform (correct)

    • What role do input/output devices serve in a computer system?

    <p>They provide data and instructions to and receive results from the computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During instruction execution, which step involves breaking down the instruction into opcode and address code?

    <p>Decoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of magnetic tape in storage?

    <p>Storing backups and archives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in completing an instruction?

    <p>Transforming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of using magnetic tapes compared to other storage options?

    <p>Lower cost per gigabyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of storage does the CPU register area provide?

    <p>High-speed storage for immediate data access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the main goal of RAID?

    <p>To increase reliability and data availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following opcodes represents taking input from a device?

    <p>IN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of RAID 0?

    <p>No fault tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a hard disk drive (HDD) primarily function?

    <p>With rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key characteristics of RAID?

    <p>It allows multiple disks to act as a single logical unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What storage medium primarily benefits from longevity under the right conditions?

    <p>Magnetic tape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of RAID 0?

    <p>Improved data retrieval speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of haptic technology?

    <p>To enhance user interactions by simulating touch sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an application of virtual reality?

    <p>Fitness tracking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does augmented reality enhance a user's experience?

    <p>By overlaying digital content onto the real world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device is associated with haptic feedback in gaming?

    <p>PS5 DualSense controller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following applications is specifically tied to augmented reality?

    <p>IKEA Place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a shared component between haptic technology and virtual reality?

    <p>Both enhance sensory experiences in digital environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these technologies involves the use of headsets to experience digital environments?

    <p>Virtual Reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example does NOT represent augmented reality?

    <p>VR training simulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the IBM z13 mainframe?

    <p>Processing payroll for companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Z' in IBM's Z series of mainframes stand for?

    <p>Zero downtime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which supercomputer is recognized as the world's fastest as of April 2023?

    <p>Frontier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application for supercomputers?

    <p>Weather forecasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is commonly found in most new supercomputers?

    <p>GPU chips in addition to CPU chips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate cost of the IBM z15 mainframe under specific configurations?

    <p>$4 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tasks is the NVIDIA DGX supercomputer primarily used for?

    <p>Deep learning AI applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does UPS utilize a mainframe for?

    <p>Tracking package routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does scalability allow a system to do?

    <p>Handle more users, data, or transactions effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a virtual server?

    <p>A logical division of resources creating multiple dedicated servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a data center?

    <p>To house computer hardware delivering data and information services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of a data center's construction considerations?

    <p>Design for easy public access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is virtualization important in a server environment?

    <p>It allows the creation of multiple logical servers from a single physical server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would scalability be particularly beneficial?

    <p>When a sudden surge in user traffic occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of locating a data center in a milder climate?

    <p>Reduced energy consumption for cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered when constructing a data center?

    <p>User accessibility for maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) in a computer?

    <p>Sequencing and executing instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best characterizes the role of hardware components in a computer system?

    <p>They perform input, processing, data storage, and output functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary challenges associated with implementing a data center?

    <p>Balancing energy efficiency and performance needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration regarding the characteristics of multiuser computer systems compared to single-user systems?

    <p>Multiuser systems have higher throughput capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would advancements in input/output devices be most impactful?

    <p>In improving interaction between the user and computer systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which processor family would typically be best suited for mobile devices?

    <p>Atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a coprocessor in a computing system?

    <p>To execute specific types of instructions concurrently with the CPU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes multicore processors from single-core processors?

    <p>Capacity to run multiple instructions simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cores can a modern CPU typically accommodate?

    <p>Up to 20 cores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about GPU functionalities is incorrect?

    <p>GPUs can handle general-purpose tasks as effectively as CPUs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason for the use of magnetic tape as a storage medium?

    <p>It effectively serves as a medium for backups and archives due to its longevity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic uniquely applies to RAID 0 compared to other RAID configurations?

    <p>It improves performance by spreading data across multiple disks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant disadvantage of using RAID 0?

    <p>Higher likelihood of data loss if any single disk fails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a hard disk drive (HDD)?

    <p>To act as a long-term storage tool using magnetic-coated disks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor contributing to the longevity of magnetic tapes?

    <p>Optimal environmental storage conditions extending their lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The CPU

    • Consists of the Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), the control unit, and register areas.
    • ALU performs calculations including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and logical comparisons.
    • The control unit decodes instructions and coordinates other CPU operations.
    • Register areas are small, high-speed storage areas within the CPU.

    Memory

    • Provides a working storage area for program instructions and data.

    Input/Output Devices

    • Provide data and instructions to the computer and receive results from it.
    • Include permanent storage.

    Completing an Instruction

    • Involves four steps: Fetch, Decode, Execute, and Store.

    Decoding Instructions

    • Involves breaking down an instruction into two parts: opcode (operation code) and address code.
    • Opcodes are a set of commands like: ADD, COMPARE, IN, JUMP.

    Magnetic Tape

    • A sequential secondary storage medium.
    • Primarily used for backups and archives.
    • Advantages include lower cost per gigabyte and longevity.

    Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

    • Consists of rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material.

    Redundant Array of Independent/Inexpensive Disks (RAID)

    • Combines multiple hard disks into a single logical unit.
    • The goal is to improve reliability, data availability, and sometimes performance.
    • RAID 0 spreads data across multiple disks, increasing speed.

    Haptic Technology

    • Simulates touch sensations to enhance user interactions with digital devices.
    • Adds a new dimension to user interfaces, making them more intuitive and engaging.

    Virtual Reality (VR)

    • Creates a computer-generated, immersive environment to simulate a 3D world.
    • Users wear headsets, gloves, and vests to experience and interact with this digital environment.

    Augmented Reality (AR)

    • Overlays digital content onto the real world, enhancing user experiences with additional information.
    • Examples include Snapchat filters, IKEA Place, Pokémon GO, and employee training videos.

    Mainframes

    • Large, powerful computers often used by businesses and organizations.
    • IBM is a leading mainframe manufacturer.
    • IBM z13 mainframe can process 2.5 billion transactions per day.
    • Applications include processing payroll and package tracking for large companies.

    Supercomputers

    • The most powerful computers with the fastest processing speeds.
    • Used for complex calculations in fields like weather forecasting and AI research.
    • Employ GPU chips in addition to CPU chips for accelerated performance.
    • Frontier is the world's fastest supercomputer as of April 2023.

    Scalability

    • The ability of a system to handle increased users, data, or transactions without compromising performance.

    Virtual Server

    • A method of logically dividing resources of a single physical server to create multiple virtual servers.
    • Each virtual server acts as an individual dedicated machine.

    Data Centers

    • Climate-controlled buildings housing computer hardware for delivering an organization's data and information services.
    • Construction considerations include energy efficiency, especially cooling, and location with milder climates, lower energy rates, and land costs.

    Computer Hardware Anatomy

    • Hardware components include devices that perform input, processing, data storage, and output.

    Central Processing Unit (CPU)

    • The CPU is the part of the computer that sequences and executes instructions.
    • Processor families are sets of processors from the same manufacturer with similar features. Examples include Intel's Atom, Celeron, Pentium, Core, and Xeon families, and AMD's Ryzen FX.

    Utilizing Multiple Processing Units

    • A coprocessor executes specific types of instructions while the CPU works on another activity.
    • Examples of coprocessors include Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and Apple Neural Engines (ANE).
    • A multicore processor has two or more independent processing units, called cores, that can run multiple instructions simultaneously, increasing processing speed.
    • CPUs can have up to 20 cores, while GPUs can have hundreds or even thousands of cores.

    Memory

    • Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of primary memory that stores data and instructions that the CPU is currently using.
    • It’s volatile, meaning its contents are lost when the computer is turned off.
    • The main types of RAM are Dynamic RAM (DRAM) and Static RAM (SRAM).
    • DRAM is typically used in computers because it's less expensive than SRAM.
    • SRAM is faster than DRAM and used in devices needing high-speed access to small amounts of data, like in cache memory in computers.

    Magnetic Secondary Storage Devices

    • Magnetic tape is a sequential secondary storage media primarily used for storing backups and archives due to its low cost per gigabyte and longevity (10-20 years).
    • A Hard Disk Drive (HDD) stores data on rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material.
    • Redundant Array of Independent/Inexpensive Disks (RAID) technology combines multiple hard disks into a single logical unit to increase reliability and data availability.
    • RAID 0 focuses on improving performance by spreading data across multiple disks.
    • RAID 1 (disk mirroring) increases fault tolerance by copying data across two disks.
    • Other RAID types include RAID 5 and RAID 10.

    Optical Secondary Storage Devices

    • Optical storage devices use lasers to read and write data.
    • Common types include CD-ROM, DVD, and Blu-ray.

    Solid State Secondary Storage Devices

    • Solid State Storage Devices (SSDs) store data in memory chips.
    • Advantages include lower power consumption, faster access speeds, less fragility due to lack of moving parts, and longer lifespan than magnetic data storage devices.
    • USB flash drives are a common type of SSD.

    Enterprise Storage Options

    • Attached storage is a storage device directly connected to a single computer or server, typically for local file and application storage.
    • Mainframes are powerful computer systems designed for high-volume transaction processing.
    • IBM is a leading mainframe manufacturer, with its z13 mainframe capable of processing 2.5 billion transactions per day.
    • Mainframe applications include processing payroll for millions of employees and tracking the route of millions of packages daily.

    Supercomputers

    • One of the most powerful computer systems with the fastest processing speed.
    • They are used for complex calculations in fields like weather forecasting and AI research.
    • Most new supercomputers utilize GPUs in addition to CPUs.
    • Examples include Aramco's Dammam-7 for geophysical resource imaging and NVIDIA DGX for deep learning applications.
    • As of April 2023, Frontier is the world's fastest supercomputer, a first exascale supercomputer.

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    Related Documents

    Lecture 2 - Hardware.pdf

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental components of computer architecture, including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. Learn about the arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, and the process of completing an instruction. Gain insight into decoding instructions and the role of magnetic tape in storage.

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