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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of sphingomyelin?
Which component is necessary for forming ceramide?
What distinguishes gangliosides from other sphingolipids?
What type of carbohydrate is associated with cerebrosides?
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Which lipid type is primarily characterized by the incorporation of sulphate at C3 of the sugar?
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What characterizes the structure of lipoproteins?
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Which type of lipoprotein is primarily responsible for transporting endogenous lipids?
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Which type of compound lipid is characterized by the presence of a sphingosine base?
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What type of lipoprotein predominantly consists of proteins?
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Where does the transport of exogenous lipids primarily occur?
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What is the primary function of sphingomyelin?
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Which of the following is not a type of compound lipid?
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What is the main characteristic of the nonpolar core of lipoproteins?
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Which component is not typically found in phospho-glycerides?
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What component gives the outer layer of lipoproteins its hydrophilic characteristic?
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Which of these is a type of phospho-glyceride?
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What is the role of lipoproteins in the blood?
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What is the characteristic structure of phosphatidic acid?
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Which base is present in lecithin?
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What is a primary function of phosphatidic acid?
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What is the role of lecithin in the body?
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Which of the following lipids plays a key role in mitochondrial structure and function?
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What characterizes plasmalogens?
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How do membrane phospholipids support the body?
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What is the composition of cerebrosides?
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What role does phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate (PIP2) play in the body?
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What is a function of sphingomyelins?
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Which component is NOT included in the structure of sphingomyelin?
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Which class of compound lipids primarily includes fatty acids, alcohols, and sugars?
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Which type of compound lipid is directly associated with forming the myelin sheath in nervous tissue?
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Which structure is NOT associated with phospho-glycerides?
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What role does cardiolipin play in cellular biology?
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Which lipid is specifically known to prevent lung collapse in premature infants?
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What unique structural feature differentiates plasmalogens from other phospholipids?
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Which of the following statements about lecithin is accurate?
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Which of the following sphingolipids is characterized by an oligosaccharide chain in its structure?
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What is a common function shared by sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, and sulfolipids?
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Which sphingolipid is associated with the addition of sulfate at the C3 position of the sugar unit?
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Which of the following lipoproteins is primarily involved in the transport of exogenous lipids?
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What type of cholesterol transport is characterized by LDL?
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How does the composition of VLDL primarily differ from that of LDL?
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What structural characteristic defines the nonpolar core of lipoproteins?
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What is the role of HDL in lipid metabolism?
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Which of the following components is not typically found in the structure of chylomicrons?
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Study Notes
Compound lipids
- Compound lipids consist of fatty acids, alcohols, and other groups such as phosphoric acids, sugars, sulfates, and proteins.
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Phospholipids: contain fatty acids, alcohol, and phosphoric acid, as well as other groups.
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Phosphoglycerides: contain glycerol as the alcohol.
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Types:
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Sphingomyelin: a type of sphingo-phospholipid, contains sphingosine, an unsaturated fatty acid, phosphoric acid, and choline.
- Forms myelin sheaths around nerve cells, acting as electrical insulators.
- Phosphatidic Acid: a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of other phosphoglycerides and triglycerides.
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Lecithin (Phosphatidylcholine): contains phosphatidic acid, choline, and two fatty acids.
- Acts as a lipotropic agent, preventing fatty liver.
- Di-palmitoyl lecithin (DPL) is a lung surfactant that prevents lung collapse and is crucial for proper breathing in babies.
- Cephalin (Phosphatidyl serine or ethanolamine): contains phosphatidic acid, serine or ethanolamine, and two fatty acids. - Plays a role in blood coagulation. - Phosphatidyl Inositol: contains phosphatidic acid and inositol.
- Act as a second messenger for hormones. - Plasmalogens: similar to lecithin or cephalin but contain an unsaturated alcohol replacing one of the fatty acids at position C1 of glycerol.
- Play a role in blood coagulation. - Cardiolipin (Diphosphatidyl glycerol): composed of two phosphatidic acid molecules linked to a glycerol molecule. - Found in the mitochondrial membrane and is vital for mitochondrial structure and function.
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Sphingomyelin: a type of sphingo-phospholipid, contains sphingosine, an unsaturated fatty acid, phosphoric acid, and choline.
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Types:
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Sphingo-phospholipids: contain sphingol (sphingosine) as the alcohol.
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Sphingomyelin: contains sphingosine, unsaturated fatty acid, phosphoric acid, and choline.
- Forms myelin sheaths around nerve cells, acting as electrical insulators.
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Sphingomyelin: contains sphingosine, unsaturated fatty acid, phosphoric acid, and choline.
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Phosphoglycerides: contain glycerol as the alcohol.
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Glycolipids: Lipids with sugar molecules attached.
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Cerberosides: contain a sphingosine base, a long-chain fatty acid, and a monosaccharide (either galactose or glucose).
- Act as electrical insulators in nervous tissue.
- Act as receptors for many hormones and cholera toxin.
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Gangliosides: contain a complex oligosaccharide chain in addition to the components of cerberosides.
- Present in the brain and nervous tissues.
- Act as electrical insulators.
- Act as receptors for many hormones and cholera toxin.
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Cerberosides: contain a sphingosine base, a long-chain fatty acid, and a monosaccharide (either galactose or glucose).
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Sulfolipids: Similar to cerberosides, but have a sulfate group attached to carbon 3 of galactose.
- Act as electrical insulators in nervous tissue.
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Lipoproteins: These are complex molecules made up of lipids and proteins.
- Have a non-polar core (hydrophobic), mainly consisting of triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol esters (CE).
- Have an outer layer (hydrophilic), made of free cholesterol, phospholipids, and apoproteins.
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Types:
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Chylomicrons: predominantly composed of triglycerides (TG), small amounts of cholesterol, proteins, and phospholipids.
- Formed in the small intestine to transport exogenous lipids (dietary fat) from the small intestine to tissues.
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VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoprotein): Mainly composed of triglycerides (TG) with a greater amount of cholesterol and phospholipids than chylomicrons.
- Produced in the liver to transport endogenous lipids (lipids synthesized in the liver) from the liver to tissues.
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LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein): Predominantly carry cholesterol and small amounts of triglycerides, proteins, and phospholipids.
- Transport cholesterol from the liver to tissues.
- Excess LDL in the blood contributes to atherosclerosis.
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HDL (High Density Lipoprotein): Contains mainly proteins and phospholipids with small amounts of cholesterol and triglycerides.
- Produced in the liver.
- Transport cholesterol from tissues back to liver (reverse cholesterol transport).
- High levels of HDL are associated with a reduced risk of heart disease.
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Chylomicrons: predominantly composed of triglycerides (TG), small amounts of cholesterol, proteins, and phospholipids.
Sphingolipids
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Sphingomyelin: contains sphingosine, a long-chain fatty acid, phosphoric acid, and choline.
- Functions as an electrical insulator in cell membranes.
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Ceramide: a simple sphingolipid with a sphingosine base and a fatty acid attached.
- Acts as a building block for other sphingolipids.
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Cerbrosides: contain a sphingosine base, a long-chain fatty acid, and a monosaccharide (either galactose or glucose).
- Function as electrical insulators in cell membranes.
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Sulfolipids: Similar to cerbrosides, but contain a sulfate group attached to carbon 3 of galactose.
- Act as electrical insulators in nervous tissue.
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Gangliosides: similar to cerbrosides but contain a complex oligosaccharide chain instead of a single sugar molecule.
- Act as electrical insulators and membrane receptors.
Compound Lipids
- Compound lipids are lipids that consist of fatty acids, an alcohol, and other groups, such as phosphoric acid, sugars, sulfate, and proteins.
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Types of compound lipids:
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Phospholipids: These lipids have fatty acids, an alcohol (glycerol or sphingol), and phosphoric acid. These may also contain a nitrogenous base.
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Phosphoglycerides: Glycerol-based phospholipids.
- Lecithin: Known as phosphatidylcholine.
- Cephalin: Known as phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylethanolamine.
- Phosphatidic acid: An essential intermediate in the synthesis of phosphoglycerides and triglycerides.
- Cardiolipin: A crucial component of the mitochondrial membrane, contributing to its structure and function.
- Di-palmitoyl lecithin (DPL): A lung surfactant that prevents lung collapse.
- Sphingomyelins: Sphingo-phospholipids, abundant in the nervous system, acting as an electrical insulator in the myelin sheath.
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Phosphoglycerides: Glycerol-based phospholipids.
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Glycolipids: These are comprised of a fatty acid, an alcohol (glycerol or sphingosine), and a sugar.
- Cerebroside: A glycolipid found in the nervous tissue, acting as an electrical insulator.
- Gangliosides: Cerebrosides with an oligosaccharide chain attached to the glucose or galactose. These act as receptors for hormones and cholera toxin.
- Sulfolipids: These lipids are comprised of a fatty acid, an alcohol (glycerol or sphingosine), a sugar, and a sulfate group attached to the sugar molecule. They act as electrical insulators.
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Lipoproteins: These lipid-protein complexes are involved with the transport of lipids in the blood due to their water solubility.
- Chylomicrons: Primarily composed of triglycerides and are transported by lipoproteins to the tissues.
- Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL): High in triglycerides and are primarily responsible for transporting lipids from the liver to tissues.
- Low-density lipoproteins (LDL): Contain cholesterol and carry it to cells.
- High-density lipoproteins (HDL): Carry excess cholesterol from the tissues back to the liver (reverse cholesterol transport).
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Phospholipids: These lipids have fatty acids, an alcohol (glycerol or sphingol), and phosphoric acid. These may also contain a nitrogenous base.
Phospholipids
- Amphipathic: They have hydrophilic (polar) and hydrophobic (non-polar) regions. This assists in:
- Creating the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.
- Facilitating triglyceride absorption in the small intestine (micelle formation).
- Transporting triglycerides in the blood (lipoprotein formation).
Sphingolipids
- These are based on sphingosine.
- Ceramide: A backbone structure for all sphingolipids.
- Sphingomyelin: A phospholipid important for the formation of myelin sheaths.
- Cerebrosides: These act as electrical insulators, along with sulfolipids.
- Gangliosides: Present in the brain and nervous tissue, they serve as receptors for various hormones and cholera toxin.
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