Knee Evaluation
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Questions and Answers

What condition presents with localized, deep diffuse knee pain?

  • Patellar tendinopathy
  • Meniscus injury (correct)
  • PCL tear
  • ACL tear

    • Which condition is most common in 8-15-year-old males?

  • ACL tear
  • Tibial Tubercle Apophysitis (correct)
  • Meniscus injury
  • Collateral ligament tear

    • Which condition is associated with extensor mechanism dysfunction and chondromalacia?

  • Tibial tubercle apophysitis
  • Patellofemoral pain syndrome (correct)
  • Collateral ligament tear
  • PCL tear

    • What is a common risk factor for the development of patellar tendinopathy?

    <p>Repetitive knee extension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with jumper's knee?

    <p>Patellar tendinopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic group is most at risk for a meniscus tear involving the anterior/posterior horn?

    <p>20-23-year-olds &amp; 55-65-year-olds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by retropatellar pain, extensor mechanism dysfunction, and chondromalacia?

    <p>Knee patellofemoral pain syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic group is most susceptible to tibial tubercle apophysitis?

    <p>Males aged 8-15 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor associated with patellar tendinopathy development in females aged 15-40 years?

    <p>Generalized laxity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is linked to repetitive movements in running and jumping sports?

    <p>Knee patellofemoral pain syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament tear classification is not associated with a specific condition mentioned in the text?

    <p>PCL tear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What injury involves localized pain along the medial or lateral joint line?

    <p>Meniscus injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of injury for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome?

    <p>Tightness of the quadriceps and iliotibial band (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test result is NOT typically associated with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome during examination?

    <p>Positive Lachman Test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of Plica Syndrome?

    <p>Pinching and pain of a vestigial synovial fold (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which exercise is NOT recommended for managing Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome?

    <p>Quad strengthening if hyperactive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a risk factor for the development of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome?

    <p>Increased joint play (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group strengthening exercise is important for managing Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome?

    <p>Peroneals strength (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of exercise is commonly used in the management of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome?

    <p>Therapeutic exercises (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of patellar tendinopathy in patients in their 30s?

    <p>Increased neural ingrowth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which manual therapy technique is NOT recommended for patellar tendinopathy management?

    <p>Neural Glides for Femoral Nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of therapeutic exercise in managing patellar tendinopathy?

    <p>Strengthening Glute Max (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor associated with the development of patellar tendinopathy?

    <p>Frequent Squatting Movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During examination, which activity is likely to be positive in a patient with patellar tendinopathy?

    <p>Stair Climbing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor to be considered when prescribing eccentric training for patellar tendinopathy?

    <p>$2$ sets of $15$, with $2$ RiR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is most susceptible to developing patellar tendinopathy?

    <p>$40+$ years old (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor to monitor during quadriceps strengthening exercises for patellar tendinopathy?

    <p>$5/10$ Pain Threshold (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common mechanism of injury associated with Osgood-Schlatter Disease?

    <p>Rapid muscle growth without bone lengthening (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic makes the tibia apophysis especially vulnerable in Osgood-Schlatter Disease?

    <p>Having weaker bone density than other areas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Osgood-Schlatter Disease from Tibia Sever Disease in terms of pain presentation?

    <p>Localized swelling over the patella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic group is more likely to develop Tibia Sever Disease?

    <p>Girls aged 8-15 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes manual therapy treatment between Osgood-Schlatter Disease and Tibia Sever Disease?

    <p>Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sport-specific activity is most likely to exacerbate symptoms in a patient with Osgood-Schlatter Disease?

    <p>Jumping jacks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the risk factors between Tibia Sever Disease and Calcaneus Apophysis in terms of age groups?

    <p>Common in adults over 40 years old (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activity is most likely to elicit pain in a patient with tibial tubercle apophysitis?

    <p>Soccer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group is NOT a primary focus for therapeutic exercise in managing tibial tubercle apophysitis?

    <p>Hamstrings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which manual therapy technique may be suitable for reducing strain in the extensor mechanism of a patient with tibial tubercle apophysitis?

    <p>Deep tissue massage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common factor that may contribute to the development of tibial tubercle apophysitis in young athletes?

    <p>Overuse or increased physical activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities should be carefully assessed for poor mechanics in patients with tibial tubercle apophysitis?

    <p>Jump rope exercises (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of patient education in the management of tibial tubercle apophysitis?

    <p>Instruction on proper warm-up and cool-down routines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of exercise is particularly beneficial for strengthening the glutes in patients with tibial tubercle apophysitis?

    <p>Bridges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended strategy to reduce strain through the extensor mechanism in patients with tibial tubercle apophysitis?

    <p>Utilizing general techniques on the quads and IT-band (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a bucket handle tear from a flap tear in the meniscus?

    <p>The direction of the tear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what population demographic is meniscus injury more prevalent?

    <p>Athletes engaged in rotational sports (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes anterior horn lesions from posterior horn lesions in meniscal injuries?

    <p>Location of pain along the knee (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does delayed swelling play a crucial role in differentiating between a meniscus tear and an ACL tear?

    <p>To distinguish from immediate swelling in an ACL tear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature in the pain presentation for patients with meniscal injuries?

    <p>Vague pain near the joint line on either side of the knee (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key focus of exercise interventions for patients with meniscus involvement?

    <p>Improving rotational motor control of the entire lower quadrant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal progression path for corrective exercises in patients with meniscus involvement?

    <p>Start with open-chain exercises and progress to open-chain as the patient improves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle groups are deemed essential for knee stability in patients with meniscus injury?

    <p>Gluteal muscles and hamstring/gastroc complex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended strategy for neuromuscular control training in patients with meniscus involvement?

    <p>Challenging functional squats and rotational movements with mirror feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients experiencing anterior knee pain, which muscles are associated with dynamizing the anterior and posterior horn of the meniscus?

    <p>Quadriceps and hamstrings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy option is suggested for managing pain associated with grades I and II meniscus involvement?

    <p>Meniscofemoral mobilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For patients with meniscus involvement, what is the focus of somatosensory training?

    <p>Enhancing angle reproduction through mirror or object feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity is recommended as a progression method in somatosensory training for patients with meniscus issues?

    <p>'Challenging functional squats without feedback' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment technique may be employed to improve symptoms in patients with meniscus involvement?

    <p>Meniscotibial mobilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers make up the majority of the meniscus, following a C-shaped pattern?

    <p>Circumferential fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the meniscus consists of a more organized set of fibers compared to the initial meshwork layer?

    <p>Lamellar layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of radial 'tie' fibers in the meniscus structure?

    <p>Connect outer layers of the meniscus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the meniscus is the neurovascular supply primarily located?

    <p>Outer 1/3 and ant/post horns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What wedge-shaped structure covers a majority of the tibial articular surface, working to improve knee function and health?

    <p>Meniscus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fiber shape is characteristic of the meshwork layer transitioning towards a more organized lamellar layer in the meniscus?

    <p>Thin and disorganized fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect helps improve knee function and health by covering a significant portion of the tibial articular surface?

    <p>Meniscus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layer do most meniscal tear patterns primarily occur?

    <p>Lamellar layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common immediate symptom experienced by patients when the ACL tears?

    <p>Immediate swelling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for ACL tears as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Excessive hamstring activation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of patient education mentioned in the text for ACL tear management?

    <p>Crutch use guidelines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a role of manual therapy in ACL recovery according to the text?

    <p>Mobilizing the patella (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individual is credited for his work on ACL rehabilitation protocols in the text?

    <p>Kevin Wilk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protocol category is specifically mentioned for patients with comorbid pathologies during ACL recovery?

    <p>Concomitant surgery protocols (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes accelerated protocols from regular protocols in ACL recovery?

    <p>Progression speed through stages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of ACL injuries caused by non-contact mechanisms?

    <p>70% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what flexion angle does tibial anterior shear occur in ACL injury mechanisms?

    <p>15-30 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated yearly impact of ACL injuries in terms of numbers?

    <p>150,000-175,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals with ACL injuries develop osteoarthritis by middle-age?

    <p>&gt;50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group provides minimal help during ACL injury mechanisms at low flexion angles?

    <p>Hamstrings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common secondary damage associated with ACL injuries?

    <p>Meniscus Tear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benchmark should be met to begin prehabilitation treatment for individuals waiting for ACL surgery?

    <p>Minimal pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key focus of prehabilitation prior to ACL surgery?

    <p>Plyometrics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals achieve full recovery after ACL surgery based on single-leg hop tests?

    <p>&gt;90% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of PCL injuries compared to ACL injuries?

    <p>They result in immediate swelling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common mechanism of injury for PCL injuries?

    <p>Direct impact to the anterior knee (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates PCL injuries from ACL injuries in terms of recovery?

    <p>ACL injuries require more stringent treatment protocols. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are PCL injuries likely to necessitate surgery?

    <p>When concomitant ligament injuries are present (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of trauma is most commonly associated with PCL injuries?

    <p>Low-impact traumas like a minor fall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stress involves the outward bending of the knee joint?

    <p>Varus stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is the most frequently injured in the knee?

    <p>Medial collateral ligament (MCL) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) consists of several layers including the superficial, middle, and deep layers?

    <p>Superficial and middle layers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which grade of tear signifies a complete rupture of the ligament, leading to significant joint instability?

    <p>Grade III (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which mechanism of injury can MCL injuries be classified based on their location within the knee joint: anterior, middle, and posterior?

    <p>Valgus stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of Grade I ligament injuries?

    <p>Some fibers might be stretched but remain intact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific high-energy mechanism can disrupt both the deep and superficial layers of the MCL?

    <p>Varus stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the knee joint experiences strain during valgus stress?

    <p>Medial collateral ligament (MCL) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of trauma can cause tearing of just the superficial portion of the MCL?

    <p>Minor trauma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does varus stress occur in relation to the knee joint?

    <p>Outward bending (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the mechanism of injury between MCL and LCL tears?

    <p>Rotational forces for MCL tears and valgus stress for LCL tears (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can an MCL tear be classified based on location within the knee joint?

    <p>Anterior, middle, and posterior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In high-energy trauma cases, what is a common associated injury pattern with a grade I MCL tear?

    <p>Meniscus tear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the grading system for ligamentous tears?

    <p>Reflective of the degree of structural damage to the ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In contact sports, which type of stress is most likely to cause an LCL tear?

    <p>Varus stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes significantly to the severity of an MCL tear in skiing accidents?

    <p>Abrupt twisting movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of pain patterns between MCL and LCL tears?

    <p>'Radiating' pain for MCL tears and 'localized' pain for LCL tears (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stress is most likely to cause an isolated grade II LCL tear in a contact sport setting?

    <p>'Dashboard' injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Bounce home' pain presentation is often linked to which type of high-energy trauma in knee ligament injuries?

    <p>'Torrance' injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary contributor to knee osteoarthritis, as discussed in the text?

    <p>ACL deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor leads to a disruption of cartilage in knee osteoarthritis?

    <p>Ligament laxity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of increased knee adduction moment in knee osteoarthritis progression?

    <p>Enhanced medial compartment impact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of trauma is associated with a high likelihood of LCL tear?

    <p>Valgus stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is most frequently injured in high-energy trauma cases involving the knee?

    <p>ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ligament tears, which grade signifies a partial tear with mild joint instability?

    <p>Grade I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injury mechanism can classify MCL tears based on their location within the knee joint?

    <p>Rotational injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes anterior horn lesions from posterior horn lesions in meniscal injuries?

    <p>'Location within the knee' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor leading to tissue breakdown and cartilage disruption in the knee joint discussed in the text?

    <p>Inability of tissues to adapt to increased forces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where the body's weight-bearing tendency shifts excessively towards the medial side, causing the lateral compartment to pull apart?

    <p>Varus thrust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases where an excessive knee adduction moment is not readjusted through movement modification, what is likely to happen in the knee joint?

    <p>Progression towards advanced OA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause for the collapse of the medial side and the subsequent varus thrust in the knee joint discussed in the text?

    <p>Medial compartment bearing 100% of the load (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process where the chondral surface erodes and increases space within the medial compartment due to weight-bearing tendencies?

    <p>Medial compartment collapse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanical effect termed when, instead of lateral compartment strength increasing, the medial side collapses due to excessive forces?

    <p>'Pivot-shift' phenomenon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes most significantly to a knee adduction moment leading to insult and injury to the medial compartment?

    <p>'Strength/weight mismatches' causing instability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of knee joint stressors and forces mismatching with tissue adaptation capabilities, what is likely to occur when cartilage disruption happens?

    <p>'Bounce home' phenomenon in knee adduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If tissue adaptation cannot keep up with loadbearing shifts in the knee joint, what is likely to occur due to excessive forces?

    <p>'Loss of proteoglycans' with upregulation of catabolic factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the mechanism of injury between ACL and PCL tears?

    <p>Flexion angle at the time of injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injury mechanism can classify MCL tears based on their location within the knee joint?

    <p>Valgus stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of pain patterns between LCL and PCL tears?

    <p>Posterior knee pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific high-energy mechanism can disrupt both the deep and superficial layers of the MCL?

    <p>Valgus stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In contact sports, which type of stress is most likely to cause an LCL tear?

    <p>Varus stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes accelerated protocols from regular protocols in ACL recovery?

    <p>Amount of weight-bearing allowed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injury mechanism can classify LCL tears based on their location within the knee joint?

    <p>Varus stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a grade II MCL tear from a grade III tear?

    <p>Presence of mild joint instability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In high-energy trauma cases, which ligament is most frequently injured in the knee?

    <p>Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What grade of ligament tear signifies a partial tear with moderate joint instability?

    <p>Grade II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stress is most likely to cause an LCL tear in contact sports?

    <p>Valgus stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a grade I ligament tear?

    <p>Partial tear with no joint instability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is NOT commonly injured in high-energy trauma cases involving the knee?

    <p>Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mechanism of injury for PCL injuries?

    <p>Hyperextension of the knee (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Valgus stress' refers to which type of stress on the knee joint?

    <p>'Inward' bending stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Mechanical collapse' in the knee occurs when:

    <p>Lateral side collapses due to excessive forces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Meniscus Tears

    • Types of tears: flap tear, bucket handle tear
    • Flap tear: circumferential tearing with radial lines, creating a meniscal flap that can cause transient pain
    • Bucket handle tear: large vertical tear that breaks away from the meniscus, losing structural integrity
    • Causes: excessive rotation, especially in closed chain; more likely to occur in areas with innervation and vascularization
    • Symptoms: vague pain, medial or lateral, risk factors include women, kneeling, bending, and stair climbing
    • Examination: pain to palpation, functional motion, McMurray's, Ege's, Thessaly's, Apley's, Steinmann I and II, and Bounce Home tests
    • Treatment: avoid closed chain rotation, ice, joint mobilization, meniscofemoral and meniscotibial mobilization, and progressive ROM and weight-bearing exercises

    Anatomy of Meniscus

    • Wedge-shaped structure covering the tibial articular surface
    • Fiber types: meshwork, lamellar, circumferential, and radial "tie" fibers
    • Meniscal tear patterns: follow circumferential or radial directions of the deepest layer

    ACL Injury

    • Mechanism of injury: non-contact, rapid deceleration, tibial anterior shear, valgus, and tibial internal rotation
    • Risk factors: fatigue, generalized laxity, poor hip control, excessive pronation, and turf conditions
    • Symptoms: audible pop, immediate swelling, pain, and difficulty walking
    • Examination: pain with most knee movements, decreased ROM, and positive Anterior drawer and/or Lachman's test
    • Treatment: patient education, manual therapy, and progressive rehabilitation protocols

    PCL Injury

    • Mechanism of injury: high-energy trauma, dashboard MVA, fall on a flexed knee, and forced hyperextension
    • Symptoms: deep, diffuse pain surrounding the knee
    • Treatment: isolated injuries may be treated non-operatively, but concomitant injuries often require surgery

    Collateral Ligament Injuries

    • Mechanism of injury: valgus stress, varus stress, and excessive lateral rotation
    • MCL injuries: most common, particularly among athletes, and classified based on location within the knee joint
    • LCL injuries: less common, but can occur during varus stress or excessive external rotation
    • Grading of tears: Grade I (mild strain), Grade II (partial tear), and Grade III (complete rupture)
    • Symptoms: localized pain, antalgic gait, and pain to palpation
    • Treatment: activity modification, ice, crutch training, orthotics, and progressive rehabilitation protocols

    Knee Osteoarthritis

    • Pathogenesis: initiation of load alteration, disruption of cartilage, upregulation of catabolic factors, and loss of proteoglycans

    • Progression: increased knee adduction moment, medial compartment collapse, and lateral compartment distraction

    • Risk factors: hip weakness, weight gain, or instability, ACL deficiency or laxity, and prior knee injury

    • Treatment: progressive rehabilitation protocols, weight management, and hip strengthening exercises### Knee Pain Syndromes

    • Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: Localized anterior knee pain, primarily affecting females, especially those under 50, and athletes.

      • Risk factors: Running/jumping sports, repetitive knee extension, and heavy BMI.
      • Characteristics: Retropatellar pain, extensor mechanism dysfunction, and chondromalacia.
      • Mechanism of injury: Compression, quadriceps/ITB tightness, and unstable tracking.
      • Treatment: Manual therapy, therapeutic exercise, and patient education.

    Patellar Tendinopathy

    • Jumper's Knee: Localized pain at the proximal patellar ligament, typically affecting 35-50-year-olds.
      • Risk factors: Repetitive movements, heavy body mass, and increasing tendon load.
      • Characteristics: Swelling, pain with palpation/contraction, and tissue changes.
      • Mechanism of injury: Rapid increase in knee extension, tendon separation, and neural ingrowth.
      • Treatment: Activity reduction, ice, orthotics, patellar tendon strap, and strengthening exercises.

    Tibial Tubercle Apophysitis

    • Osgood-Schlatter Disease: Localized pain at the tibial tubercle, typically affecting 8-15-year-old boys.
      • Risk factors: Rapid bone growth, excessive force, and poor muscle control.
      • Characteristics: Focal swelling, pain with stair climbing, squatting, and running.
      • Mechanism of injury: Irritation of the apophysis due to rapid bone growth.
      • Treatment: Strategic rest, ice, manual therapy, and strengthening exercises.

    Osteoarthritis

    • Osteoarthritis (OA): Diffuse knee pain, primarily affecting individuals over 45, especially women, and those with a prior knee trauma.
      • Risk factors: Age, obesity, and genetic susceptibility.
      • Characteristics: Deep aching pain, antalgic gait, bony enlargement, and varus deformity.
      • Mechanism of injury: Joint degeneration and surface changes.
      • Treatment: Patient education, modalities, compression, and strengthening exercises.

    Meniscus Injury

    • Meniscus Tear: Pain, swelling, and stiffness in the knee, typically affecting the medial or lateral joint line.
      • Risk factors: Trauma, sports, and age.
      • Characteristics: Pain with twisting, bending, or squatting.
      • Mechanism of injury: Tears in the meniscus cartilage.
      • Treatment: Dependent on the severity and location of the tear.

    ACL and PCL Injuries

    • ACL and PCL Injuries: Pain, instability, and swelling in the knee, typically affecting athletes.
      • Risk factors: Trauma, sports, and age.
      • Characteristics: Pain with twisting, bending, or pivoting.
      • Mechanism of injury: Tears in the anterior or posterior cruciate ligaments.
      • Treatment: Dependent on the severity and location of the tear.

    Collateral Ligament Injuries

    • MCL and LCL Injuries: Pain, instability, and swelling in the knee, typically affecting athletes.
      • Risk factors: Trauma, sports, and age.
      • Characteristics: Pain with twisting, bending, or pivoting.
      • Mechanism of injury: Tears in the medial or lateral collateral ligaments.
      • Treatment: Dependent on the severity and location of the tear.

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