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Questions and Answers
What was the primary cause of pneumonia in the preantibiotic era?
What has contributed to the decrease in pneumococcal pneumonia cases in the US?
Which bacteria is particularly associated with patients having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
What percentage of pneumonia cases does pneumococcus currently account for in inpatient settings in the US?
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Which atypical bacteria are important causes of community-acquired pneumonia?
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Which of the following viruses is NOT mentioned as a potential cause of community-acquired pneumonia?
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What bacterial causes of CAP could be associated specifically with certain geographic locations?
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Which group of bacteria can exist as mixed microaerophilic and anaerobic sources for pneumonia?
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Study Notes
Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
- CAP is a major cause of illness and death.
- It is an acute lung infection in people who haven't been recently hospitalized or had significant healthcare exposure.
Cause
- Streptococcus pneumoniae was responsible for 95% of pneumonia cases before antibiotics became available.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae currently accounts for only 10-15% of cases in inpatient settings in the US.
- The decline in pneumococcal pneumonia is due to increased vaccination rates and reduced cigarette smoking.
- Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other gram-negative bacilli are also bacterial causes of CAP.
- Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a higher risk of infection from H.influenzae and Mor.catarrhalis.
- P.aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacilli also cause CAP in those with COPD or bronchiectasis, especially those taking glucocorticoids.
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae are atypical CAP causes.
- Legionella species are associated with specific geographic locations and exposures.
- Mixed microaerophilic and anaerobic bacteria (“oral flora”) can cause CAP.
- Some cases of pneumonia may be caused by unknown agents.
- Viral infections like influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, coronavirus, and rhinovirus can cause CAP.
- MERS-CoV and avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) are additional viruses associated with CAP.
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Description
Explore the key aspects of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), including its causes, significant bacterial agents, and the impact of vaccination on its prevalence. Learn about the historical context of pneumonia and its relevance to patients with chronic conditions like COPD.
