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Questions and Answers
What is essential for achieving skilful performance according to the content?
What is essential for achieving skilful performance according to the content?
What is the relationship between cognitive complexity and empathy?
What is the relationship between cognitive complexity and empathy?
What does self-monitoring involve?
What does self-monitoring involve?
Which of the following best explains the concept of empathy in communication?
Which of the following best explains the concept of empathy in communication?
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In the exercise described, what is the goal of the leader when sketching an image?
In the exercise described, what is the goal of the leader when sketching an image?
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What is the primary focus of Knapp's stages of relational development?
What is the primary focus of Knapp's stages of relational development?
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During which stage of Knapp's model do individuals begin to establish routines and rituals as a social unit?
During which stage of Knapp's model do individuals begin to establish routines and rituals as a social unit?
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What is the main purpose of 'experimenting' in the stages of relational development?
What is the main purpose of 'experimenting' in the stages of relational development?
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Which stage is characterized by relational boredom and the repetition of familiar behaviors?
Which stage is characterized by relational boredom and the repetition of familiar behaviors?
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What does the term 'circumscribing' refer to in Knapp's model?
What does the term 'circumscribing' refer to in Knapp's model?
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In the bonding stage, what key action typically takes place?
In the bonding stage, what key action typically takes place?
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At which stage do individuals express a desire to dissociate from one another?
At which stage do individuals express a desire to dissociate from one another?
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Which stage allows for an individualistic identity to be reestablished within the relationship?
Which stage allows for an individualistic identity to be reestablished within the relationship?
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What is a key characteristic of communication competence?
What is a key characteristic of communication competence?
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Which of the following aspects best reflects the Birmingham School's approach to culture?
Which of the following aspects best reflects the Birmingham School's approach to culture?
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What does the term 'adaptability' refer to in communication competence?
What does the term 'adaptability' refer to in communication competence?
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Which of the following statements is true about communication competence?
Which of the following statements is true about communication competence?
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What role does biology play in communication competence?
What role does biology play in communication competence?
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How is the concept of competence best described?
How is the concept of competence best described?
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Which of the following is a method used by the Birmingham School to study culture?
Which of the following is a method used by the Birmingham School to study culture?
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In what way does having a large repertoire of skills influence personal goals?
In what way does having a large repertoire of skills influence personal goals?
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What does Watzlawick's axiom 'One cannot not communicate' imply?
What does Watzlawick's axiom 'One cannot not communicate' imply?
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What was a focus of the Chicago School of communication theory?
What was a focus of the Chicago School of communication theory?
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According to Marshall McLuhan from the Toronto School, what is the fundamental concept encapsulated by 'the medium is the message'?
According to Marshall McLuhan from the Toronto School, what is the fundamental concept encapsulated by 'the medium is the message'?
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Which concept is associated with the Frankfurt School's critique of mass culture?
Which concept is associated with the Frankfurt School's critique of mass culture?
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Erwing Goffman was associated with which school of communication theory?
Erwing Goffman was associated with which school of communication theory?
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How does the Palo Alto School conceptualize human communication?
How does the Palo Alto School conceptualize human communication?
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What did John Dewey contribute to the Chicago School's views on communication?
What did John Dewey contribute to the Chicago School's views on communication?
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What did Watzlawick emphasize about the relationship aspect of communication?
What did Watzlawick emphasize about the relationship aspect of communication?
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What do dialectical tensions in relationships primarily arise from?
What do dialectical tensions in relationships primarily arise from?
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Which dialectical tension reflects the struggle between wanting to be independent and the desire for closeness?
Which dialectical tension reflects the struggle between wanting to be independent and the desire for closeness?
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What does the term 'dialectical approach' suggest in relational dynamics?
What does the term 'dialectical approach' suggest in relational dynamics?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the assumptions associated with relational dialectics?
Which of the following is NOT one of the assumptions associated with relational dialectics?
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In the context of relational dialectics, what does the stability-change tension refer to?
In the context of relational dialectics, what does the stability-change tension refer to?
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What is a key characteristic of relational life according to dialectical theory?
What is a key characteristic of relational life according to dialectical theory?
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What does the inclusion-seclusion dialectic highlight in relational relationships?
What does the inclusion-seclusion dialectic highlight in relational relationships?
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What role does communication play in relational dialectics?
What role does communication play in relational dialectics?
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What does the openness–closedness dialectic refer to?
What does the openness–closedness dialectic refer to?
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In the context of relational dialectics, what does 'revelation–concealment' refer to?
In the context of relational dialectics, what does 'revelation–concealment' refer to?
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Which strategy involves embracing contrasting desires within relationships?
Which strategy involves embracing contrasting desires within relationships?
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What does 'compartmentalizing' mean in the context of relational dialectics?
What does 'compartmentalizing' mean in the context of relational dialectics?
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Which of the following strategies involves creating a different interpretation of the same situation?
Which of the following strategies involves creating a different interpretation of the same situation?
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What does 'denial' mean in the context of managing dialectical tensions?
What does 'denial' mean in the context of managing dialectical tensions?
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Which dialectical tension is reflected when a person chooses either to share or keep private their financial situation?
Which dialectical tension is reflected when a person chooses either to share or keep private their financial situation?
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What does 'alternating' refer to in effective management of dialectical tensions?
What does 'alternating' refer to in effective management of dialectical tensions?
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Study Notes
Communication Theory Schools
- Schools of communication theory are places where a specific discipline has been studied. They include the theories of individuals working in that institution.
Lecture Agenda
- The lecture covers schools of communication theory.
- It examines dimensions of interpersonal relationships.
- The specific schools of communication (Palo Alto, Chicago, Toronto, Frankfurt, Birmingham) are discussed.
- Concepts of communication competence and models of relational dynamics are included in the lecture.
CommVille Roadmap
- The CommVille Roadmap outlines a semester's topics in interpersonal communication.
- Key topics include: Introduction to Interpersonal Communication, Models and Theories of Interpersonal Communication, Nonverbal Communication, Dimensions of Interpersonal Relationships, Introduction to Mass (Media) Communication, Presentation of Group Projects.
- Written tests for the course are also indicated on the roadmap.
Palo Alto School
- Triggered the need for developing a communication model for human sciences.
- Key figures: Gregory Bateson, Ray Birdwhistell, Edward T. Hall, Erwing Goffman, and Paul Watzlawick.
- The "Invisible College"
- Watzlawick proposed interactional view axioms.
Watzlawick's Axioms
- One cannot not communicate; it's impossible not to communicate.
- Every communication has a content and a relationship aspect, with the latter classifying the former.
- Human communication involves both digital and analog modalities.
- Inter-human communication procedures are either symmetric or complementary - based on equality or difference.
Chicago School
- Key figures: John Dewey, Charles Cooley, and George Herbert Mead.
- Mead: communication allowing individuals to understand others' attitudes and viewpoints.
- Dewey: "great community" establishing public opinion, promoting democracy.
- Cooley: political communication making public opinion possible.
- Focus: electronic communication as a democracy facilitator.
Toronto School
- The primacy of communication in structuring human cultures and the human mind.
- Key figure: Marshall McLuhan, who stated "the medium is the message".
- Importance of information conveyance and a medium's social agency.
Frankfurt School
- Key figures: Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin, and Jürgen Habermas.
- The "culture industry", with technology increasing commodity production.
- Consumption of cultural products resulted in formulas for ideological purposes.
- Entertainment blinds people from challenging the prevailing system.
- Focus: Mass culture vs. high culture.
Birmingham School
- Key figures: Richard Hoggart, Stuart Hall, and Richard Johnson.
- The cultural movement's roots are the complex moment within post-war British history.
- The rise of anti-Stalinist New Left and multiculturalism in British society are included.
- Studies on working-class cultures, subcultures, media audiences, feminist cultural research, and hegemonic struggles in state politics are part of their approach.
Communication Competence
- Communication competence is the ability to achieve goals effectively and appropriately (Spitzberg, 2000).
- It's situational, not a trait, rather characterized by degrees of competence that can be learned.
Characteristics of Competent Communication
- A large repertoire of skills increase the chances of reaching personal and relational goals.
- Adaptability, the ability to select appropriate responses for recipient and situation.
- Ability to perform skillfully, theory vs practice, practice is key to skillful performance.
- Empathy/perspective taking; empathizing and understanding.
- Cognitive complexity, construct frameworks for viewing issues and demonstrating high conversational sensitivity.
- Self-monitoring, paying attention to one's behavior and adapting it.
Exercise: Sketch It!
- A group exercise where one person describes a sketch to others who then draw it from the description.
- The leader is chosen by the group to do the description.
Models of Relational Dynamics
- The goal of describing and explaining how communication creates and reflects changing dynamics in relationships.
- Including stages of relational development by Knapp and relational dialectics by Baxter & Montgomery.
Stages of Relationship Development (Knapp)
- Focuses on how relationships grow and end.
- Includes relationship escalation and termination.
- Presents a staircase model with 10 steps from coming together and coming apart.
- Relates to relational maintenance - keeping relationships operating smoothly.
- Includes diverse levels of speed and potentially skipped steps.
Knapp's Staircase Model Stages
- Initiating, Experimenting, Intensifying, Integrating, Bonding, Differentiating, Circumscribing, Stagnating, Avoiding, Terminating
Relational Dialectics Theory
- Relationships can have attributes of "coming together" and "coming apart" simultaneously.
- Maintaining relationships involves managing competing goals.
- Dialectical tensions arise from opposing or incompatible desires.
- Negotiations of opposing desires are crucial.
Assumptions of Relational Dialectics
- Relationships are not linear.
- Relational life is characterized by change.
- Contradiction is the fundamental fact of relational life.
- Communication is central to organizing and negotiating relational contradictions.
Dialectical Tensions
- Integration versus separation (internal: connection-autonomy; external: inclusion-seclusion).
- Stability versus change (internal: predictability-novelty; external: conventionality-uniqueness).
- Expression versus privacy (internal: openness-closedness; external: revelation-concealment).
Strategies for Managing Dialectical Tensions
- Denial, compromising, alternating, compartmentalizing, acceptance, reframing, and reaffirming.
Additional notes related to the presentation.
- A question is presented, asking if relational stages is the best way to explain relational dynamics
- Various course resources are listed at the end.
- Materials and videos related to relational communication are suggested.
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Description
Explore the various schools of communication theory, including Palo Alto, Chicago, and Frankfurt. This quiz covers key concepts such as communication competence and interpersonal relationship models. Gain insights into the foundational dimensions of interpersonal communication and their applications.
