Communication Process and Models

Defining Communication

• Communication is a process between two or more people that involves the exchange of words, actions, or a combination of both.
• Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words (verbal), actions (non-verbal), or a combination of both.

The Process of Communication

• The communication process begins with the sender having an idea to convey.
• The sender must encode their idea using words, symbols, and gestures.
• The sender chooses a medium (e.g., spoken words, written message) to transmit the message.
• The receiver decodes the message to understand the sender's intended meaning.
• Feedback is provided by the receiver to ensure the message was understood correctly.

Communication Models

• Communication models simplify the complex process of communication.

Linear Models

• Linear models depict communication as a one-way process with a sender, message, and receiver.
• Linear models are common for business announcements, such as broadcasts or press releases.

Aristotle's Model

• One of the oldest communication models.
• Focuses on how speakers present messages persuasively.

Lasswell's Model

• Similar to Aristotle's model, but asks questions the speaker needs to answer.

Shannon-Weaver Model

• Emphasizes encoding messages into various formats (written words, voice, etc.) and the importance of decoding by the receiver.

Berlo's S-M-C-R Model

• Highlighting the importance of common ground between source and receiver for successful communication.

Interactive Models

• Interactive communication models depict a two-way process with a sender and receiver exchanging messages.
• Interactive models are common in business settings for collaborations, team discussions, and client interactions.

Osgood-Schramm Model

• Treats all participants in communication equally.

Westley and MacLean Model

• Starts the process of communication based on environmental factors rather than a specific source.

Transactional Models

• Transactional models are the most dynamic, encompassing encoding, decoding, communicators, messages, channels, and potential disruptions.

Barnlund's Transactional Model

• Explores immediate feedback communication between people.

Dance's Helical Model

• Views communication as a circular process that grows more complex with interaction.

Elements of Communication

• Verbal communication: Words and sounds we produce while speaking.
• Non-verbal communication: Signs and signals beyond words, like body language.
• Microexpressions: Subtle, fleeting facial expressions reflecting emotions.
• Active listening: Engaging with the speaker's message to fully comprehend it.
• Defenses: Barriers or behaviors that obstruct effective communication.